PREMISE: The origin of allopolyploids is believed to shape their evolutionary potential, ecology, and geographical ranges. Morphologically distinct apomictic types sharing the same parental species belong to the most challenging groups of polyploids. We evaluated the origins and variation of two triploid taxa (Hieracium pallidiflorum, H. picroides) presumably derived from the same diploid parental pair (H. intybaceum, H. prenanthoides). METHODS: We used a suite of approaches ranging from morphological, phylogenetic (three unlinked molecular markers), and cytogenetic analyses (in situ hybridization) to genome size screening and genome skimming. RESULTS: Genotyping proved the expected parentage of all analyzed accessions of H. pallidiflorum and H. picroides and revealed that nearly all of them originated independently. Genome sizes and genome dosage largely corresponded to morphology, whereas the maternal origin of the allopolyploids had no discernable effect. Polyploid accessions of both parental species usually contained genetic material from other species. Given the phylogenetic distance of the parents, their chromosomes appeared only weakly differentiated in genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), as well as in overall comparisons of the repetitive fraction of their genomes. Furthermore, the repeatome of a phylogenetically more closely related species (H. umbellatum) differed significantly more. CONCLUSIONS: We proved (1) multiple origins of hybridogeneous apomicts from the same diploid parental taxa, and (2) allopolyploid origins of polyploid accessions of the parental species. We also showed that the evolutionary dynamics of very fast evolving markers such as satellite DNA or transposable elements does not necessarily follow patterns of speciation.

Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Benátská 2 CZ 128 01 Praha 2 Czech Republic

Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Zámek 1 CZ 252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic

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