Many plant and animal species are changing their latitudinal and/or altitudinal distributions in response to climate change, but whether fungi show similar changes is largely unknown. Here, we use historical fungal fruit body records from the European Alps to assess altitudinal changes in fungal fruiting between 1960 and 2010. We observe that many fungal species are fruiting at significantly higher elevations in 2010 compared to 1960, and especially so among soil-dwelling fungi. Wood-decay fungi, being dependent on the presence of one or a few host trees, show a slower response. Species growing at higher elevations changed their altitudinal fruiting patterns significantly more than lowland species. Environmental changes in high altitudes may lead to proportionally stronger responses, since high-altitude species live closer to their physiological limit. These aboveground changes in fruiting patterns probably mirror corresponding shifts in belowground fungal communities, suggesting parallel shifts in important ecosystem functions.

County Governor of Rogaland 4001 Stavanger Norway

Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research University of Vienna 1030 Vienna Austria

Department of Botany and Plant Sciences University of California Riverside USA

Department of Geography Faculty of Science Masaryk University 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3EN UK

Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences 603 00 Brno Czech Republic

Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology University of Oslo Blindernveien 31 0316 Oslo Norway

Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL CH 8903 Birmensdorf Switzerland

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