Counting chromosomes is the first step towards a better understanding of the karyotype evolution and the role of chromosome evolution in species diversification within Carex; however, the chromosome count is not known yet for numerous sedges. In this paper chromosome counts were performed for 23 Carex taxa from Armenia, Austria, the Czech Republic, and Poland. Chromosome numbers were determined for the first time in three species (Carex cilicica, 2n = 54; C. phyllostachys, 2n = 56; C. randalpina, 2n = 78), two subspecies (C. muricata subsp. ashokae, 2n = 58; C. nigra subsp. transcaucasica, 2n = 84) and two hybrids (C. ×decolorans, 2n = 74; C. ×walasii, 2n = 108). Among the taxa whose number of chromosomes had been known before, the largest difference was found in C. hartmaniorum (here 2n = 52) and C. aterrima subsp. medwedewii (here 2n = 52). A difference in the chromosome count was demonstrated for C. cilicica (2n = 54) versus the species of the section Aulocystis (2n = 30 to 40) and for C. tomentosa (2n = 48) versus the species of the section Acrocystis (2n = 18 to 38). The results of this study indicate that the position of C. cilicica in Aulocystis section may raise doubts. Attention was paid to the relationship between C. phyllostachys and taxa of the subgenus Carex section Gynobasidae.

Institute of Biology University of Szczecin Wąska Szczecin Poland

Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences University of Szczecin Adama Mickiewicza Szczecin Poland

Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Center University of Szczecin Wąska Szczecin Poland

ul Kochanowskiego 27 Choszczno Poland

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Ball PW, Reznicek AA. Carex L In: Ball PW, Reznicek AA, Murray DF, editors. Flora of North America north of Mexico, Vol. 23. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. pp. 254–572.

Roalson EH. A synopsis of chromosome number variation in the Cyperaceae. Botanical Review. 2008;74: 209–393.

Melters DP, Paliulis LV, Korf IF, Chan SWL. Holocentric chromosomes: convergent evolution, meiotic adaptations, and genomic analysis. Chromosome Research. 2012;20: 579–593. 10.1007/s10577-012-9292-1 PubMed DOI

Escudero M, Hahn M, Brown BH, Lueders K, Hipp AL. Chromosomal rearrangements in holocentric organisms lead to reproductive isolation by hybrid dysfunction: The correlation between karyotype rearrangements and germination rates in sedges. American Journal of Botany. 2016;103(8): 1–8. PubMed

Luceño M. Chromosome studies on Carex (L.) section Mitratae Kükenth. (Cyperaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Cytologia. 1993;58: 321–330.

Mola LM, Papeschi AG. Holocentric chromosome at a glance. BAG Journal of Basic and Applied Genetics. 2006;17: 17–33.

Panzera F, Pérez R, Hornos S, Panzera Y, Cestau R, et al. Chromosome numbers in the Triatominae (Hemiptera-Reduviidae): a review. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 1996;91(4): 515–518. 10.1590/s0074-02761996000400021 PubMed DOI

Gokhman VE, Kuznetsova VG. Comparative insect karyology: current state and applications. Entomological Review. 2006;86(3): 352–368.

Hipp AL. Nonuniform processes of chromosome evolution in sedges (Carex: Cyperaceae). Evolution. 2007;61(9): 2175–2194. 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00183.x PubMed DOI

Luceño M, Guerra M. Numerical variations in species exhibiting holocentric chromosomes: A nomenclatural proposal. Caryologia. 1996;49: 301–309.

Lipnerová I, Bureš P, Horová L, Šmarda P. Evolution of genome size in Carex (Cyperaceae) in relation to chromosome number and genomic base composition. Annals of Botany. 2013;111: 79–94. 10.1093/aob/mcs239 PubMed DOI PMC

Bureš P, Zedek F. Holokinetic Drive: Centromere drive in chromosomes without centromeres. Evolution. 2014;68: 2412–2420. 10.1111/evo.12437 PubMed DOI

Zedek F, Bureš P. Absence of positive selection on CenH3 in Luzula suggests that holokinetic chromosomes may suppress centromere drive. Annals of Botany. 2016;118: 1347–1352. 10.1093/aob/mcw186 PubMed DOI PMC

Zedek F, Bureš P. Holocentric chromosomes: from tolerance to fragmentation to colonization of the land. Annals of Botany. 2018;121: 9–16. 10.1093/aob/mcx118 PubMed DOI PMC

Kolodin P, Cempírková H, Bureš P, Horová L, Veleba A, Francová J, et al. Holocentric chromosomes may be an apomorphy of Droseraceae. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 2018;304: 1289–1296.

Whitkus R. Experimental hybridization among chromosome races of Carex pachystachya and the related species Carex macloviana and Carex preslii (Cyperaceae). Systematic Botany. 1988;13: 146–153.

Hipp AL, Rothrock PE, Roalson EH. The evolution of chromosome arrangements in Carex (Cyperaceae). Botanical Review. 2009;75: 96–109.

Rotreklová O, Bureš P, Řepka R, Grulich V, Šmarda P, Hralová I, et al. Chromosome numbers of Carex. Preslia. 2011;83: 25–58.

Egorova TV. The sedges (Carex L.) of Russia and adjacent states (within the limits of the former USSR). St. Petersburg and St. Louis: St. Petersburg State Chemical–Pharmaceutical Academy and Missouri Botanical Garden Press; 1999.

Koopman J. Carex Europaea, The genus Carex L. (Cyperaceae) in Europe 1 Accepted names, hybrids, synonyms, distribution, chromosome numbers. 2nd ed Weikersheim: Margraf Publishers; 2015.

Knaf JF. Exiguitates botanicae. Flora. 1847;30: 181–186.

Buttler KP. Zur Benennung einiger Sippen der Flora Deutschlands. Berichte der Botanischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft Südwestdeutschland. 2017;8: 33–34.

Jíménez-Mejías P, Rodríguez-Palacios G, Amini-Rad M, Martín-Bravo S. Taxonomic notes on some problematic Carex (Cyperaceae) names from SW Asia. Phytotaxa. 2015;219(2): 183–189.

Reznicek AA. Sectional names in Carex (Cyperaceae) for the Flora of North America. Novon. 2001;11: 454–459.

Gvinianidze ZI, Avazneli AA. Khromosomnye chisla nekotorykh predstavitelej vysokogornykh floristicheskikh kompleksov Kavkaza. Soobkskc. Akademiia Nauk Gruzinskoi SSR, Institut Botaniki, Trudy, Seriia Geobotanika. 1982;106(3): 577–580.

Tanaka N. Chromosome studies in Cyperaceae. XIX. Chromosome numbers of Carex (Vignea I). Medicine and Biology. 1942;2: 215–219.

Tanaka N. The problem of anueploidy (Chromosome studies in Cyperaceae, with special reference to the problem of anueploidy). Biological contribution in Japan. 1948;4: 136–317.

Druskovic B. [Reports]. In: Stace CA. ed. IOPB chromosome data 9. International Organization of Plant Biosystematists. Newsletter. 1995;24: 11–14.

Dietrich W. [Reports]. In: Löve A. ed. Chromosome number reports XXXVI. Taxon. 1972;21: 333–346.

Probatova NS, Sokolovskaya AP. Chromosome numbers of some aquatic and bank plant species of the flora in the Amur River basin in connection with the peculiarities of its formation. Botanicheskii Zhurnal. 1981;66(11): 1584–1594.

Kozhevnikov AE, Sokolovskaya AP, Probatova NS. Ecology, distribution and chromosome counts in some Cyperaceae from the Soviet Far East. Izvestiya Sibirskogo Otdeleniya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya biologicheskikh nauk. 1986;2: 57–62.

Chepinoga VV, Gnutikov AA, Enushchenko IV, Rosbakh SA. [Reports]. In: Marhold K. ed. IAPT/IOPB chromosome data 8. Taxon. 2009;58: 1281–1282.

Löve A, Löve D. Chromosome numbers of Northwest and Central European plant species. Opera Botanica. 1961;5: 1–581.

Löve A, Löve D. [Reports]. In: Löve A. ed. IOPB chromosome number reports LXXIII. Taxon. 1981; 30:845–851.

Heilborn O. Chromosome numbers and dimensions, species formation and phylogeny in the genus Carex. Hereditas. 1924;5: 129–216.

Dietrich J. Documented chromosome numbers of plants. Madroño. 1964;17: 266–268.

Favarger C, Galland N, Kupper PH. Recherches cytotaxonomiques sur la flore orophile du Maroc. Naturalia Monspeliensia. Série botanique. 1979;29: 1–64.

Escudero M, Luceńo M. Systematics and evolution of Carex sects. Spirostachyae and Elatae (Cyperaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution. 2009;279: 163–189.

Stoeva MP. [Reports]. In: Kamari G, Felber F, Garbari F. Mediterranean chromosome number reports 10. Flora Mediterranea. 2000;10: 423–430.

Tarnavischi IT. Die chromosomenzahlen der Anthophyten-Flora von Rumanien miteinem Ausblick auf das Plyploidie-Problem. Buletinul Grădinii Botanice şi al Muzeului botanic dela Universitatea din Cluj. (Suppl.). 1948;28: 1–130.

Tanaka N. Chromosome studies in Cyperaceae. XXV. Chromosome numbers of Eucarex species (5). Medicine and Biology. 1942;2: 421–424.

Luceño M. Cytotaxonomic studies in Iberian and Macaronesian species of Carex (Cyperaceae). Willdenowia. 1992;22: 149–165.

Molina A, Acedo C, Llamas F. Taxonomy and New Taxa in Eurasian Carex (Section Phaestoglochin, Cyperaceae). Systematic Botany. 2008;33(2): 237–250.

Wallnöfer B. Beitrag zur Kenntnis von Carex oenensis A. Neumann ex B. Wallnöfer. Linzer biologische Beiträge. 1992;24(2): 829–849.

Molina A, Acedo C, Llamas F. Taxonomy and new taxa of the Carex divulsa aggregate in Eurasia (section Phaestoglochin, Cyperaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 2008;156: 385–409.

Hartvig P. Chromosome numbers is Nordic populations of the Carex muricata group (Cyperaceae). Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses. 1986;27: 127–138.

Hess HE, Landolt E, Hirzel R. Flora der Schweiz und angrenzender Gebiete. Band I Pteridophyte bis Caryophyllaceae. Basel und Stuttgart: Birkhäuser Verlag; 1967.

Měsíček J, Javůrková-Jarolímová V. List of chromosome numbers of the Czech vascular plants. Praha: Academia; 1992.

Mäkinen Y. A probable case of ancient introgression between Carex digitata and C. pediformis ssp. rhizodes. Annales Botanici Fennici. 1965;2:19–32.

Szeląg Z. Carex pallens (Cyperaceae), a species new to Poland. Polish Botanical Journal. 2001;46(1):75–77.

Koopman J, Więcław H, Wilhelm M. Distribution of Carex pallidula (Cyperaceae) in Europe. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae. 2016;85(3): 3512.

Heilborn O. Chromosome studies in Cyperaceae III–IV. Hereditas. 1939;25: 224–240.

Stoeva MP. Chromosome numbers of Bulgarian Cyperaceae. Fitologiya. 1992;43: 77–78.

Stoeva MP, Popova ED. Cytotaxonomic study on Carex sect. Acrocystis (Cyperaceae) in Bulgaria. Fragmenta Floristica et Geobotanica. 1993;38: 29–43.

Hayirlioǧlu-Ayaz S, Olgun A, Beyazoǧlu O. Chromosome numbers of some Carex species from Northeast Anatolia. Biologia. 2001;56: 381–387.

Davies EW. Some new chromosome numbers in the Cyperaceae. Watsonia. 1956;3: 242–243.

Roalson EH, McCubbin AG, Whitkus R. Chromosome evolution in Cyperales. Aliso. 2007;23(1): 62–71.

De Storme N, Mason A. Plant speciation through chromosome instability and ploidy change: Cellular mechanisms, molecular factors and evolutionary relevance. Current Plant Biology. 2014;1: 10–33.

Luceño M, Castroviejo S. Agmatoploidy in Carex laevigata (Cyperaceae): Fusion and fission of chromosomes as the mechanism of cytogenetic evolution in Iberian populations. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 1991;177: 149–160.

Escudero M, Maguilla E, Loureiro J, Castro M, Castro S, Luceño M. Genome size stability despite high chromosome number variation in Carex gr. laevigata. American Journal of Botany. 2015;102(2): 233–238. 10.3732/ajb.1400433 PubMed DOI

Schmid B. Karyology and hybridization in the Carex flava complex in Switzerland. Feddes Repertorium. 1982;93: 23–59.

Luceño M. Cytotaxonomic studies in Iberian, Balearic, North African, and Macronesian species of Carex (Cyperaceae): II. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1994;72: 587–596.

Hipp AL, Rothrock PE, Reznicek AA, Berry PE. Chromosome number changes associated with speciation in sedges: a phylogenetic study in Carex section Ovales (Cyperaceae) using aflp data. Aliso. 2007;23: 193–203.

Cayouette J, Morisset P. Chromosome studies on Carex paleacea Wahl., Carex nigra (L.) Reichard, and Carex aquatilis Wahl. in northeastern North America. Cytologia. 1986;51: 857–884.

Cayouette J, Morisset P. Chromosome studies on natural hybrids between maritime species of Carex (sections Phacocystis and Cryptocarpae) in northeastern North America, and their taxonomic implications. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1985;63: 1957–1982.

Cayouette J, Catling PM. Hybridization in the genus Carex with special reference to North America. Botanical Review. 1992;58(4): 351–438.

Faulkner JS. Chromosome studies on Carex section Acutae in north-west Europe. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 1972;65: 271–301.

Escudero M, Hipp AL, Luceño M. Karyotype stability and predictors of chromosome number variation in Carex section Spirostachyae (Cyperaceae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2010;57: 353–363. 10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.009 PubMed DOI

Koopman J. Section Ammoglochin (Carex, Cyperaceae) in Poland. PhD Thesis, University of Szczecin, Poland; 2018.

Global Carex Group. Megaphylogenetic Specimen-level Approaches to the Carex (Cyperaceae) Phylogeny Using ITS, ETS, and matK Sequences: Implications for Classification. Systematic Botany. 2016;41(3): 500–518.

Hendrichs M, Oberwinkler F, Begerow D, Bauer R. Carex, subgenus Carex (Cyperaceae)–A phylogenetic approach using ITS sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution. 2004;246: 89–107.

Kükenthal G. Cyperaceae–Caricoideae In: Engler A. editor. Das Pflanzenreich. Leipzig: Engelmann; 1909.

Nilsson Ö. Carex L In: Davis PH. editor. Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands, Vol 9 Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press; 1985. pp. 73–158.

Chater AO. Carex L In: Tutin TG, Heywood VH, Burges NA, Moore DM, et al. editors. Flora Europaea, Vol. 5. Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1980. pp. 290–323.

Luceño M, Castroviejo S. Cytotaxonomic studies in the sections Spirostachyae (Drejer) Bailey and Ceratocystis Dumort. of the genus Carex L. (Cyperaceae), with special reference to Iberian and North African taxa. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 1993;112: 335–350.

Escudero M, Valcarcel V, Vargas P, Luceño M. Evolution in Carex L. sect. Spirostachyae (Cyperaceae): A molecular and cytogenetic approach. Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 2008;7: 271–291.

Halkka L, Toivonen H, Saario S, Pykälä J. Chromosome counts in the Carex flava complex (Cyperaceae) in Finland. Nordic Journal of Botany. 1992;12: 651–655.

Jíménez-Mejías P, Martín-Bravo S, Luceño M. Systematics and taxonomy of Carex sect. Ceratocystis (Cyperaceae) in Europe: a molecular and cytogenetic approach. Systematic Botany. 2012;37(2): 382–398.

Roalson EH, Columbus JT, Friar EA. Phylogenetic relationships in Cariceae (Cyperaceae) based on ITS (nrDNA) and trnT-L-F (cpDNA) region sequences: assessment of subgeneric and sectional relationships in Carex with emphasis on section Acrocystis. Systematic Botany. 2001;26: 318–341.

Selvi F, Fiorini G. Carex grioletii Roemer (Cyperaceae) in Tuscany and its conservation status. Flora Mediterranea. 1997;7: 163–172.

Harmaja H. Carex pallens, an overlooked Fennoscandian species. Annales Botanici Fennici. 1986;23:147–151.

Harmaja H. Carex pallidula, nom. nov. Annales Botanici Fennici. 2005;42:221–222.

Starr JR, Bayer RJ, Ford BA. The phylogenetic position of Carex section Phyllostachys and its implications for phylogeny and subgeneric circumscription in Carex (Cyperaceae). American Journal of Botany. 1999;86: 563–577. PubMed

Crins WJ, Naczi RFC, Reznicek AA, Ford BA. Carex sect. Phyllostachyae In: Ball PW, Reznicek AA, Murray DF. editors. Flora of North America north of Mexico, Vol. 23. Magnoliophyta: Commelinidae (in part): Cyperaceae. New York: Oxford University Press; 2002. pp. 558–563.