In many regions across the globe, extreme weather events such as storms have increased in frequency, intensity, and duration due to climate change. Ecological theory predicts that such extreme events should have large impacts on ecosystem structure and function. High winds and precipitation associated with storms can affect lakes via short-term runoff events from watersheds and physical mixing of the water column. In addition, lakes connected to rivers and streams will also experience flushing due to high flow rates. Although we have a well-developed understanding of how wind and precipitation events can alter lake physical processes and some aspects of biogeochemical cycling, our mechanistic understanding of the emergent responses of phytoplankton communities is poor. Here we provide a comprehensive synthesis that identifies how storms interact with lake and watershed attributes and their antecedent conditions to generate changes in lake physical and chemical environments. Such changes can restructure phytoplankton communities and their dynamics, as well as result in altered ecological function (e.g., carbon, nutrient and energy cycling) in the short- and long-term. We summarize the current understanding of storm-induced phytoplankton dynamics, identify knowledge gaps with a systematic review of the literature, and suggest future research directions across a gradient of lake types and environmental conditions.

Alaska Science Center US Geological Survey Anchorage AK USA

Aquatic Ecology Eawag Swiss Federal Institute of Water Science and Technology Dubendorf Switzerland

Aquatic Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen The Netherlands

Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University Nathan Qld Australia

Biological Sciences Virginia Tech Blacksburg VA USA

CARRTEL INRAE University Savoie Mont Blanc Thonon les Bains France

Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies National Institute for Environmental Studies Tsukuba Japan

Centre for Freshwater and Environmental Studies Dundalk Institute of Technology Dundalk Ireland

Creative Science Unit Faculty of Science Shizuoka University Surugaku Japan

Department F A Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences Institute for Environmental Sciences University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland

Department of Biology Chemistry and Pharmacy Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany

Department of Biology Limnological Institute University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany

Department of Biology Miami University Oxford OH USA

Department of Biology Queen's University Kingston ON Canada

Department of Ecology and Genetics Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden

Department of Ecosystem Research Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany

Department of Experimental Limnology Leibniz Institute for Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Stechlin Germany

Department of Hydrology and Hydraulic Engineering Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium

Department of Integrative Biology University of South Florida Tampa FL USA

Department of Natural Resources Cornell University Ithaca NY USA

Department of Sustainable Agro ecosystems and Bioresources Research and Innovation Centre Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige Italy

Dorset Environmental Science Centre Ontario Ministry of Environment Conservation and Parks Dorset ON Canada

Environmental Studies Rollins College Winter Park FL USA

Freshwater Restoration and Sustainability Group UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Penicuik Midlothian UK

Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity Oldenburg Germany

Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland

Institute for Chemistry and Biology of Marine Environments Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg Wilhelmshaven Germany

Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia

Institute of Biochemistry and Biology Potsdam University Potsdam Germany

Institute of Hydrobiology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czechia

Kinneret Limnological Laboratory Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Migdal Israel

Laboratorio de Ecología Acuática Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús Chascomús Buenos Aires Argentina

Lake Ecosystems Group UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster UK

Lake Research Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Magdeburg Germany

National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Hamilton New Zealand

Research Foundation City University of New York New York NY USA

Rubenstein Ecosystem Science Laboratory University of Vermont Burlington VT USA

The Water Institute University of Waterloo Waterloo ON Canada

Tvärminne Zoological Station University of Helsinki Hanko Finland

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