Recent technological developments have increased the number of variables being monitored in lakes and reservoirs using automatic high frequency monitoring (AHFM). However, design of AHFM systems and posterior data handling and interpretation are currently being developed on a site-by-site and issue-by-issue basis with minimal standardization of protocols or knowledge sharing. As a result, many deployments become short-lived or underutilized, and many new scientific developments that are potentially useful for water management and environmental legislation remain underexplored. This Critical Review bridges scientific uses of AHFM with their applications by providing an overview of the current AHFM capabilities, together with examples of successful applications. We review the use of AHFM for maximizing the provision of ecosystem services supplied by lakes and reservoirs (consumptive and non consumptive uses, food production, and recreation), and for reporting lake status in the EU Water Framework Directive. We also highlight critical issues to enhance the application of AHFM, and suggest the establishment of appropriate networks to facilitate knowledge sharing and technological transfer between potential users. Finally, we give advice on how modern sensor technology can successfully be applied on a larger scale to the management of lakes and reservoirs and maximize the ecosystem services they provide.

Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Box AB Millbrook New York 12545 United States

Catalan Institute for Water Research Emili Grahit 101 17003 Girona Spain

Centre for Freshwater and Environmental Studies and Department of Applied Sciences Dundalk Institute of Technology Dundalk County Louth A91 K584 Ireland

Department F A Forel for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences and Institute for Environmental Sciences University of Geneva 66 Boulevard Carl Vogt 1211 Geneva Switzerland

Department of Ecology and Genetics Limnology Uppsala University Norbyvägen 18D 75236 Uppsala Sweden

Department of Ecology University of Barcelona Av Diagonal 643 08028 Barcelona Spain

Department of Geography and Earth Sciences University of Aberystwyth Aberystwyth Ceredigion SY23 3FL U K

Department of Limnology Evolutionary Biology Centre Norbyvägen 18 D 752 36 Uppsala Sweden

Department of Water Protection Engineering University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Prawocheńskiego strasse 1 10 719 Olsztyn Poland

Ente acque della Sardegna via Mameli 88 09123 Cagliari Italy

European Commission Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability Via E Fermi 2749 21027 Ispra Varese Italy

Freshwater Biological Association 34786 Windermere U K

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Department of Lake Research Brückstrasse 3a D 39114 Magdeburg Germany

Institute for Biological Research University of Belgrade Bulevar Despota Stefana 142 11000 Belgrade Serbia

Institute of Bioscience Aarhus University Frederiksborgvej 399 4000 Roskilde Denmark

Institute of Botany The Czech Academy of Sciences Department of Vegetation Ecology Lidická 25 27 602 00 Brno Czech Republic

Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory 14850 Migdal Israel

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Alte Fischerhuette 2 16775 Stechlin Germany

Marine Ecology and Limnology Research Group Department of Ecology University of Málaga Campus Universitario de Teatinos S N 29071 Málaga Spain

Marine Institute Furnace Newport County Mayo F28 PF65 Ireland

MTA BME Water Research Group Műegyetem rkp 3 1111 Budapest Hungary

New York City Department of Environmental Protection 71 Smith Avenue Kingston New York 12401 United States

Potsdam University Institute for Biochemistry and Biology Maulbeerallee 2 14469 Potsdam Germany

Research and Innovation Centre Foundazione Edmund Mach 38010 San Michele all' Adige TN Italy

Water Authority Brabantse Delta P O Box 5520 4801 DZ Breda The Netherlands

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