The methods of severe plastic deformation (SPD) have gained attention within the last decades primarily owing to their ability to substantially refine the grains within metallic materials and, therefore, significantly enhance the properties. Among one of the most efficient SPD methods is the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP)-based twist channel angular pressing (TCAP) method, combining channel twist and channel bending within a single die. This unique die affects the processed material with three independent strain paths during a single pass, which supports the development of substructure and efficiently refines the grains. This review is intended to summarize the characteristics of the TCAP method and its main features documented within the last decade, since its development in 2010. The article is supplemented with a brief characterization of other known SPD methods based on the combination of ECAP and twist extrusion (TE) within a single die.

Faculty of Materials Science and Technology VŠB Technical University of Ostrava 17 Listopadu 15 708 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Hansen N. Hall–Petch relation and boundary strengthening. Scr. Mater. 2004;51:801–806. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2004.06.002. DOI

Verlinden B., Driver J., Samajdar I., Doherty R.D. Thermo-Mechanical Processing of Metallic Materials. Elsevier; Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 2007.

Fang Y., Chen X., Madigan B., Cao H., Konovalov S. Effects of strain rate on the hot deformation behavior and dynamic recrystallization in China low activation martensitic steel. Fusion Eng. Des. 2016;103:21–30. doi: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.11.036. DOI

Glezer A.M., Metlov L.S. Physics of megaplastic (Severe) deformation in solids. Phys. Solid State. 2010;52:1162–1169. doi: 10.1134/S1063783410060089. DOI

Bagherpour E., Pardis N., Reihanian M., Ebrahimi R. An overview on severe plastic deformation: Research status, techniques classification, microstructure evolution, and applications. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2019;100:1647–1694. doi: 10.1007/s00170-018-2652-z. DOI

Langdon T.G. Twenty-five years of ultrafine-grained materials: Achieving exceptional properties through grain refinement. Acta Mater. 2013;61:7035–7059. doi: 10.1016/j.actamat.2013.08.018. DOI

Qian C., He Z., Liang C., Cha Y., Ji W. Superior intracluster conductivity of metallic lithium-ion battery anode achieved by high-pressure torsion. Mater. Lett. 2020;260:126933. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2019.126933. DOI

Voronova L.M., Chashchukhina T.I., Gapontseva T.M., Krasnoperova Y.G., Degtyarev M.V., Pilyugin V.P. Effect of the deformation temperature on the structural refinement of BCC metals with a high stacking fault energy during high pressure torsion. Russ. Metall. 2016;2016:960–965. doi: 10.1134/S0036029516100232. DOI

Kunčická L., Lowe T.C., Davis C.F., Kocich R., Pohludka M. Synthesis of an Al/Al2O3 composite by severe plastic deformation. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2015;646:234–241. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.08.075. DOI

Kocich R., Greger M., Macháčková A. Finite element investigation of influence of selected factors on ECAP process; Proceedings of the METAL 2010: 19th International Metallurgical and Materials Conference, Roznov pod Radhostem; Czech Republic. 20–22 May 2010; Ostrava, Czech Republic: Tanger Ltd.; 2010. pp. 166–171.

Elhefnawey M., Shuai G.L., Li Z., Nemat-Alla M., Zhang D.T., Li L. On achieving superior strength for Al–Mg–Zn alloy adopting cold ECAP. Vacuum. 2020;174:109191. doi: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2020.109191. DOI

Hlaváč L.M., Kocich R., Gembalová L., Jonšta P., Hlaváčová I.M. AWJ cutting of copper processed by ECAP. Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol. 2016;86:885–894. doi: 10.1007/s00170-015-8236-2. DOI

Valiev R.Z., Langdon T.G. Principles of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2006;51:881–981. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2006.02.003. DOI

Tang Y., Sumikawa K., Takizawa Y., Yumoto M., Otagiri Y., Horita Z. Multi-pass high-pressure sliding (MP-HPS) for grain refinement and superplasticity in metallic round rods. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2019;748:108–118. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.01.071. DOI

Tóth L.S., Arzaghi M., Fundenberger J.J., Beausir B., Bouaziz O., Arruffat-Massion R. Severe plastic deformation of metals by high-pressure tube twisting. Scr. Mater. 2009;60:175–177. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.09.029. DOI

Kunčická L., Král P., Dvořák J., Kocich R. Texture evolution in biocompatible mg-y-re alloy after friction stir processing. Metals. 2019;9:1181. doi: 10.3390/met9111181. DOI

Zisman A.A., Rybin V.V., Van Boxel S., Seefeldt M., Verlinden B. Equal channel angular drawing of aluminium sheet. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2006;427:123–129. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2006.04.007. DOI

Kocich R., Macháčková A., Andreyachshenko V.A. A study of plastic deformation behaviour of Ti alloy during equal channel angular pressing with partial back pressure. Comput. Mater. Sci. 2015;101:233–241. doi: 10.1016/j.commatsci.2015.02.003. DOI

Fatemi-Varzaneh S.M., Zarei-Hanzaki A., Izadi S. Shear deformation and grain refinement during accumulative back extrusion of AZ31 magnesium alloy. J. Mater. Sci. 2010;46:1937–1944. doi: 10.1007/s10853-010-5029-8. DOI

Kocich R., Macháčková A., Fojtík F. Comparison of strain and stress conditions in conventional and ARB rolling processes. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 2012;64:54–61. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2012.08.003. DOI

Mohebbi M.S., Akbarzadeh A. Accumulative spin-bonding (ASB) as a novel SPD process for fabrication of nanostructured tubes. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2010;528:180–188. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.081. DOI

Gupta A.K., Maddukuri T.S., Singh S.K. Constrained groove pressing for sheet metal processing. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2016;84:403–462. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2016.09.008. DOI

Torkestani A., Dashtbayazi M.R. A new method for severe plastic deformation of the copper sheets. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2018;737:236–244. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2018.09.054. DOI

Abdolvand H., Sohrabi H., Faraji G., Yusof F. A novel combined severe plastic deformation method for producing thin-walled ultrafine grained cylindrical tubes. Mater. Lett. 2015;143:167–171. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.12.107. DOI

Zangiabadi A., Kazeminezhad M. Development of a novel severe plastic deformation method for tubular materials: Tube Channel Pressing (TCP) Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2011;528:5066–5072. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.03.012. DOI

Wang C., Li F., Li Q., Li J., Wang L., Dong J. A novel severe plastic deformation method for fabricating ultrafine grained pure copper. Mater. Des. 2013;43:492–498. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2012.07.047. DOI

Wang Q.D., Chen Y.J., Lin J.B., Zhang L.J., Zhai C.Q. Microstructure and properties of magnesium alloy processed by a new severe plastic deformation method. Mater. Lett. 2007;61:4599–4602. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2007.02.067. DOI

Kim K., Yoon J. Evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ61 alloy processed by half channel angular extrusion (HCAE), a novel severe plastic deformation process. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2013;578:160–166. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.04.073. DOI

Richert M., Liu Q., Hansen N. Microstructural evolution over a large strain range in aluminium deformed by cyclic-extrusion–compression. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 1999;260:275–283. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(98)00988-5. DOI

Ghosh A.K., Huang W. Investigations and Applications of Severe Plastic Deformation. Springer; Dordrecht, The Netherlands: 2000. Severe Deformation Based Process for Grain Subdivision and Resulting Microstructures; pp. 29–36.

Pardis N., Talebanpour B., Ebrahimi R., Zomorodian S. Cyclic expansion-extrusion (CEE): A modified counterpart of cyclic extrusion-compression (CEC) Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2011;528:7537–7540. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2011.06.059. DOI

Ensafi M., Faraji G., Abdolvand H. Cyclic extrusion compression angular pressing (CECAP) as a novel severe plastic deformation method for producing bulk ultrafine grained metals. Mater. Lett. 2017;197:12–16. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.03.142. DOI

Khoddam S., Farhoumand A., Hodgson P.D. Axi-symmetric forward spiral extrusion, a kinematic and experimental study. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2011;528:1023–1029. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.09.062. DOI

Farhoumand A., Hodgson P.D., Khoddam S. Finite element analysis of plastic deformation in variable lead axisymmetric forward spiral extrusion. J. Mater. Sci. 2013;48:2454–2461. doi: 10.1007/s10853-012-7033-7. DOI

Ebrahimi G.R., Barghamadi A., Ezatpour H.R., Amiri A. A novel single pass severe plastic deformation method using combination of planar twist extrusion and conventional extrusion. J. Manuf. Process. 2019;47:427–436. doi: 10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.09.033. DOI

Yu J., Zhang Z., Wang Q., Hao H., Cui J., Li L. Rotary extrusion as a novel severe plastic deformation method for cylindrical tubes. Mater. Lett. 2018;215:195–199. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.12.048. DOI

Mizunuma S. Large Straining Behavior and Microstructure Refinement of Several Metals by Torsion Extrusion Process. Mater. Sci. Forum. 2006;503–504:185–192. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.503-504.185. DOI

Noor S.V., Eivani A.R., Jafarian H.R., Mirzaei M. Inhomogeneity in microstructure and mechanical properties during twist extrusion. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2016;652:186–191. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.11.056. DOI

Pardis N., Ebrahimi R. Deformation behavior in Simple Shear Extrusion (SSE) as a new severe plastic deformation technique. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2009;527:355–360. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2009.08.051. DOI

Utsunomiya H., Hatsuda K., Sakai T., Saito Y. Continuous grain refinement of aluminum strip by conshearing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2004;372:199–206. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2003.12.014. DOI

Lee J.-C., Seok H.-K., Suh J.-Y. Microstructural evolutions of the Al strip prepared by cold rolling and continuous equal channel angular pressing. Acta Mater. 2002;50:4005–4019. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(02)00200-8. DOI

Huang Y., Prangnell P.B. Continuous frictional angular extrusion and its application in the production of ultrafine-grained sheet metals. Scr. Mater. 2007;56:333–336. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.11.011. DOI

Huang J.Y., Zhu Y.T., Jiang H., Lowe T.C. Microstructures and dislocation configurations in nanostructured Cu processed by repetitive corrugation and straightening. Acta Mater. 2001;49:1497–1505. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6454(01)00069-6. DOI

Nakamura K., Neishi K., Kaneko K., Nakagaki M., Horita Z. Development of Severe Torsion Straining Process for Rapid Continuous Grain Refinement. Mater. Trans. 2004;45:3338–3342. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.45.3338. DOI

Kocich R., Lukáč P. Handbook of Mechanical Nanostructuring. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA; Weinheim, Germany: 2015. SPD Processes-Methods for Mechanical Nanostructuring; pp. 235–262.

Semenova I.P., Polyakov A.V., Raab G.I., Lowe T.C., Valiev R.Z. Enhanced fatigue properties of ultrafine-grained Ti rods processed by ECAP-Conform. J. Mater. Sci. 2012;47:7777–7781. doi: 10.1007/s10853-012-6675-9. DOI

Kocich R., Greger M., Kursa M., Szurman I., Macháčková A. Twist channel angular pressing (TCAP) as a method for increasing the efficiency of SPD. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2010;527:6386–6392. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.06.057. DOI

Jamili A.M., Zarei-Hanzaki A., Abedi H.R., Mosayebi M., Kocich R., Kunčická L. Development of fresh and fully recrystallized microstructures through friction stir processing of a rare earth bearing magnesium alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2019;775:138837. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2019.138837. DOI

Kocich R., Fiala J., Szurman I., Macháčková A., Mihola M. Twist-channel angular pressing: Effect of the strain path on grain refinement and mechanical properties of copper. J. Mater. Sci. 2011;46:7865–7876. doi: 10.1007/s10853-011-5768-1. DOI

Iqbal U.M., Muralidharan S. Optimization of die design parameters and experimental validation on twist channel angular pressing process of AA6061-T6 aluminium alloy. Mater. Res. Express. 2019;6:0865f2. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ab25b2. DOI

Segal V.M. Slip line solutions, deformation mode and loading history during equal channel angular extrusion. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2003;345:36–46. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(02)00258-7. DOI

Kim H.S., Seo M.H., Hong S.I. On the die corner gap formation in equal channel angular pressing. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2000;291:86–90. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(00)00970-9. DOI

Orlov D., Beygelzimer Y., Synkov S., Varyukhin V., Horita Z. Evolution of Microstructure and Hardness in Pure Al by Twist Extrusion. Mater. Trans. 2008;49:2–6. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.ME200724. DOI

Latypov M.I., Lee M.G., Beygelzimer Y., Kulagin R., Kim H.S. On the simple shear model of twist extrusion and its deviations. Met. Mater. Int. 2015;21:569–579. doi: 10.1007/s12540-015-4387-9. DOI

Bahadori S.R., Dehghani K., Akbari Mousavi S.A.A. Comparison of microstructure and mechanical properties of pure copper processed by twist extrusion and equal channel angular pressing. Mater. Lett. 2015;152:48–52. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2015.03.063. DOI

Kocich R., Kunčická L., Mihola M., Skotnicová K. Numerical and experimental analysis of twist channel angular pressing (TCAP) as a SPD process. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2013;563:86–94. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2012.11.047. DOI

Glezer A.M., Sundeev R.V. General view of severe plastic deformation in solid state. Mater. Lett. 2015;139:455–457. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2014.10.052. DOI

Kunčická L., Kocich R., Král P., Pohludka M., Marek M. Effect of strain path on severely deformed aluminium. Mater. Lett. 2016;180:280–283. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2016.05.163. DOI

Kocich R., Kunčická L., Král P., Macháčková A. Sub-structure and mechanical properties of twist channel angular pressed aluminium. Mater. Charact. 2016;119:75–83. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2016.07.020. DOI

Stolyarov V.V., Zhu Y.T., Alexandrov I.V., Lowe T.C., Valiev R.Z. Influence of ECAP routes on the microstructure and properties of pure Ti. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2001;299:59–67. doi: 10.1016/S0921-5093(00)01411-8. DOI

Kunčická L., Kocich R. Structure Development after Twist Channel Angular Pressing. Acta Phys. Pol. A. 2017;134:681–685. doi: 10.12693/APhysPolA.134.683. DOI

Kunčická L., Kocich R., Ryukhtin V., Cullen J.C.T., Lavery N.P. Study of structure of naturally aged aluminium after twist channel angular pressing. Mater. Charact. 2019;152:94–100. doi: 10.1016/j.matchar.2019.03.045. DOI

Beyerlein I.J., Tóth L.S. Texture evolution in equal-channel angular extrusion. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2009;54:427–510. doi: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2009.01.001. DOI

Kocich R., Macháčková A., Kunčická L. Twist channel multi-angular pressing (TCMAP) as a new SPD process: Numerical and experimental study. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 2014;612:445–455. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2014.06.079. DOI

Kocich R., Kunčická L., Macháčková A. Twist Channel Multi-Angular Pressing ( TCMAP ) as a method for increasing the efficiency of SPD. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2014;63:012006. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/63/1/012006. DOI

Alavizadeh S.M., Abrinia K., Parvizi A. Twisted Multi Channel Angular Pressing (TMCAP) as a Novel Severe Plastic Deformation Method. Met. Mater. Int. 2020;26:260–271. doi: 10.1007/s12540-019-00319-x. DOI

Shamsborhan M., Ebrahimi M. Production of nanostructure copper by planar twist channel angular extrusion process. J. Alloys Compd. 2016;682:552–556. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.05.012. DOI

Shokuhfar A., Shamsborhan M. Finite element analysis of planar twist channel angular extrusion (PTCAE) as a novel severe plastic deformation method. J. Mech. Sci. Technol. 2014;28:1753–1757. doi: 10.1007/s12206-014-0321-1. DOI

Shamsborhan M., Shokuhfar A., Nejadseyfi O., Kakemam J., Moradi M. Experimental and numerical comparison of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) with planar twist channel angular extrusion (PTCAE) Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part C. 2015;229:3059–3067. doi: 10.1177/0954406214566035. DOI

Special Issue: Mechanical Properties in Progressive Mechanically Processed Metallic Materials

Structure Characteristics Affected by Material Plastic Flow in Twist Channel Angular Pressed Al/Cu Clad Composites

Deformation Behavior of Al/Cu Clad Composite During Twist Channel Angular Pressing