This work presents an overview of the applications of retrospective dosimetry techniques in case of incorporation of radionuclides. The fact that internal exposures are characterized by a spatially inhomogeneous irradiation of the body, which is potentially prolonged over large periods and variable over time, is particularly problematic for biological and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) dosimetry methods when compared with external exposures. The paper gives initially specific information about internal dosimetry methods, the most common cytogenetic techniques used in biological dosimetry and EPR dosimetry applied to tooth enamel. Based on real-case scenarios, dose estimates obtained from bioassay data as well as with biological and/or EPR dosimetry are compared and critically discussed. In most of the scenarios presented, concomitant external exposures were responsible for the greater portion of the received dose. As no assay is available which can discriminate between radiation of different types and different LETs on the basis of the type of damage induced, it is not possible to infer from these studies specific conclusions valid for incorporated radionuclides alone. The biological dosimetry assays and EPR techniques proved to be most applicable in cases when the radionuclides are almost homogeneously distributed in the body. No compelling evidence was obtained in other cases of extremely inhomogeneous distribution. Retrospective dosimetry needs to be optimized and further developed in order to be able to deal with real exposure cases, where a mixture of both external and internal exposures will be encountered most of the times.

ARN Nuclear Regulatory Authority of Argentina Av del Libertador 8250 Buenos Aires Argentina

BfS Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz Ingolstädter Landstr 1 85764 Oberschleißheim Germany

Cekmece Nuclear Research and Training Center Radiobiology Unit Yarımburgaz Turkish Atomic Energy Authority Istanbul Turkey

Chelyabinsk State University 129 Bratiev Kashirinih Street Chelyabinsk 454001 Russia

CIEMAT Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas Medioambientales y Tecnológicas Av da Complutense 40 28040 Madrid Spain

DSA Norwegian Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority Skøyen P O Box 329 0213 Oslo Norway

ENEA Casaccia Research Center Via Anguillarese 301 Santa Maria di Galeria 00123 Rome Italy

Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire IRSN Pôle Santé et Environnement Direction de la Santé Fontenay aux Roses France

Institute of Radiation Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum München Ingolstädter Landstr 1 85764 Neuherberg Germany

Istituto Superiore di Sanità Viale Regina Elena 299 00161 Rome Italy

Melohill Technology 1 Research Court Rockville MD 20850 USA

National Centre for Nuclear Research A Soltana 7 05400 Otwock Poland

Public Health England Centre for Radiation Chemical and Environmental Hazards Chilton Didcot OX11 0RQ Oxon UK

Southern Urals Biophysics Institute Ozyorsk Chelyabinsk Region 456780 Russia

SURO National Radiation Protection Institute Bartoskova 28 14000 Prague Czech Republic

Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine Vorovskt str 68A Chelyabinsk 454141 Russia

US Transuranium and Uranium Registries Washington State University Richland WA USA

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