BACKGROUND: Nanoparticles (NPs) serve various industrial and household purposes, and their increasing use creates an environmental hazard because of their uncontrolled release into ecosystems. An important aspect of the risk assessment of NPs is to understand their interactions with plants. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Au (10 and 20 ppm), Ag, and Pt (20 and 40 ppm) NPs on oakleaf lettuce, with particular emphasis on plant antioxidative mechanisms. Nanoparticles were applied once on the leaves of 2-week-old lettuce seedlings, after next week laboratory analyses were performed. RESULTS: The antioxidant potential of oakleaf lettuce seedlings sprayed with metal NPs at different concentrations was investigated. Chlorophylls, fresh and dry weight were also determined. Foliar exposure of the seedlings to metal NPs did not affect ascorbate peroxidase activity, total peroxidase activity increased after Au-NPs treatment, but decreased after applying Ag-NPs and Pt-NPs. Both concentrations of Au-NPs and Pt-NPs tested caused an increase in glutathione (GSH) content, while no NPs affected L-ascorbic acid content in the plants. Ag-NPs and Pt-NPs applied as 40 ppm solution increased total phenolics content by 17 and 15%, respectively, compared to the control. Carotenoids content increased when Ag-NPs and Au-NPs (20 and 40 ppm) and Pt-NPs (20 ppm) were applied. Plants treated with 40 ppm of Ag-NPs and Pt-NPs showed significantly higher total antioxidant capacity and higher concentration of chlorophyll a (only for Ag-NPs) than control. Pt-NPs applied as 40 ppm increased fresh weight and total dry weight of lettuce shoot. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that the concentrations of NPs applied and various types of metal NPs had varying impact on the antioxidant status of oakleaf lettuce. Alteration of POX activity and in biosynthesis of glutathione, total phenolics, and carotenoids due to metal NPs showed that tested nanoparticles can act as stress stimuli. However, judging by the slight changes in chlorophyll concentrations and in the fresh and dry weight of the plants, and even based on the some increases in these traits after M-NPs treatment, the stress intensity was relatively low, and the plants were able to cope with its negative effects.

Department of Horticulture University of Agriculture in Krakow 29 Listopada 54 31 425 Kraków Poland

Department of Vegetable Sciences and Floriculture Mendel University in Brno Valtická 337 691 44 Lednice Brno Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Rastogi A, Zivcak M, Sytar O, Kalaji HM, He X, Mbarki S, Brestic M. Impact of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles on plant: a critical review. Front Chem. 2017;5:78. PubMed PMC

Rico CM, Majumdar S, Duarte-Gardea M, Peralta-Videa JR, Gardea-Torresdey JL. Interaction of nanoparticles with edible plants and their possible implications in the food chain. J Agric Food Chem. 2011;59:3485–3498. PubMed PMC

Alkhatib R, Alkhatib B, Abdo N, AL-Eitan L, Creamer R. Physio-biochemical and ultrastructural impact of (Fe3O4) nanoparticles on tobacco. BMC Plant Biol. 2019;19:253. PubMed PMC

Mishra S, Singh HB. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles as a nanoweapon against phytopathogens: exploring their scope and potential in agriculture. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2015;99:1097–1107. PubMed

Marslin G, Sheeba CJ, Franklin G. Nanoparticles alter secondary metabolism in plants via ROS burst. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:832. PubMed PMC

Pandey A, Kulkarni A, Roy B, Goldman A, Sarangi S, Sengupta P, Phipps C, Kopparam J, Oh M, Basu S, Kohandel M, Sengupta S. Sequential application of a cytotoxic nanoparticle and a PI3K inhibitor enhances antitumor efficacy. Cancer Res. 2014;74:675–685. PubMed PMC

Luo X, Morrin A, Killard AJ, Smyth MR. Application of nanoparticles in electrochemical sensors and biosensors. Electroanalysis. 2006;18:319–326.

Stampoulis D, Sinha SK, White JC. Assay-dependent phytotoxicity of nanoparticles to plants. Environ Sci Technol. 2009;43:9473–9479. PubMed

Kumari M, Mukherjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Genotoxicity of silver nanoparticles in Allium cepa. Sci Total Environ. 2009;407:5243–5246. PubMed

Yan A, Chen Z. Impacts of silver nanoparticles on plants: a focus on the phytotoxicity and underlying mechanism. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:1003. PubMed PMC

Sabo-Attwood T, Unrine JM, Stone JW, Murphy CJ, Ghoshroy S, Blom D, Bertsch PM, Newman LA. Uptake, distribution and toxicity of gold nanoparticles in tobacco (Nicotiana xanthi) seedlings. Nanotoxicology. 2012;6:353–360. PubMed

Siddiqi KS, Husen A. Engineered gold nanoparticles and plant adaptation potential. Nanoscale Res Lett. 2016;11:400. PubMed PMC

Arora S, Sharma P, Kumar S, Nayan R, Khanna PK, Zaidi MGH. Gold-nanoparticle induced enhancement in growth and seed yield of Brassica juncea. Plant Growth Regul. 2012;66:303–310.

Feichtmeier NS, Walther P, Leopold K. Uptake, effects, and regeneration of barley plants exposed to gold nanoparticles. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015;22:8549–8558. PubMed

Asztemborska M, Steborowski R, Kowalska J, Bystrzejewska-Piotrowska G. Accumulation of platinum nanoparticles by Sinapis alba and Lepidium sativum plants. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2015;226:126. PubMed PMC

Shiny PJ, Mukerjee A, Chandrasekaran N. Proceedings of the international conference on advanced Nanomaterials and emerging engineering technologies. Chennai: Sathyabama University; 2013. Comparative assessment of the phytotoxicity of silver and platinum nanoparticles; pp. 391–393.

Jiang J, Oberdörster G, Elder A, Gelein R, Mercer P, Biswas P. Does nanoparticle activity depend upon size and crystal phase? Nanotoxicology. 2008;2:33–42. PubMed PMC

Sharma P, Jha AB, Dubey RS, Pessarakli M. Reactive oxygen species, oxidative damage, and antioxidative defense mechanism in plants under stressful conditions. J Bot. 2012;2012:217037.

Kalisz A, Pokluda R, Jezdinský A, Sękara A, Grabowska A, Gil J, Neugebauerová J. Chilling-induced changes in the antioxidant status of basil plants. Acta Physiol Plant. 2016;38:196.

Thiruvengadam M, Gurunathan S, Chung IM. Physiological, metabolic, and transcriptional effects of biologically-synthesized silver nanoparticles in turnip (Brassica rapa ssp. rapa L.). Protoplasma 2015;252:1031–1046. PubMed

Gunjan B, Zaidi MGH, Sandeep A. Impact of gold nanoparticles on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Brassica juncea. J Plant Biochem Physiol. 2014;2:3.

Mendoza RP, Brown JM. Engineered nanomaterials and oxidative stress: current understanding and future challenges. Curr Opin Toxicol. 2019;13:74–80. PubMed PMC

Salama HMH. Effects of silver nanoparticles in some crop plants, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) Int Res J Biotechnol. 2012;3:190–197.

El-Batal AI, Gharib FAE, Ghazi SM, Hegazi AZ, El Hafz AGMA. Physiological responses of two varieties of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to foliar application of silver nanoparticles. Nanomater Nanotechnol. 2016;6:13.

Mirzajani F, Askari H, Hamzelou S, Farzaneh M, Ghassempour A. Effect of silver nanoparticles on Oryza sativa L. and its rhizosphere bacteria. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2013;88:48–54. PubMed

Vannini C, Domingo G, Onelli E, De Mattia F, Bruni I, Marsoni M, Bracale M. Phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles exposure on germinating wheat seedlings. J Plant Physiol. 2014;171:1142–1148. PubMed

Larue C, Castillo-Michel H, Sobanska S, Cécillon L, Bureau S, Barthès V, Ouerdane L, Carrière M, Sarret G. Foliar exposure of the crop Lactuca sativa to silver nanoparticles: evidence for internalization and changes in Ag speciation. J Hazard Mater. 2014;264:98–106. PubMed

Kumar V, Guleria P, Kumar V, Yadav SK. Gold nanoparticle exposure induces growth and yield enhancement in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Total Environ. 2013;461–462:462–468. PubMed

Astafurova T, Zotikova A, Morgalev Y, Verkhoturova G, Postovalova V, Kulizhskiy S, Mikhailova S. Effect of platinum nanoparticles on morphological parameters of spring wheat seedlings in a substrate-plant system. IOP Conf Ser. 2015;98:012004.

Gawrońska H, Przybysz A, Szalacha E, Pawlak K, Brama K, Miszczak A, Stankiewicz-Kosyl M, Gawroński SW. Platinum uptake, distribution and toxicity in Arabidopsis thaliana L. plants. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2018;147:982–989. PubMed

Kumar V, Sharma M, Khare T, Wani SH. Impact of nanoparticles on oxidative stress and responsive antioxidative defense in plants. In: Tripathi DK, Ahmad P, Sharma S, Chauhan DK, Dubey NK, editors. Nanomaterials in plants, algae, and microorganisms. Concepts and controversies: Volume 1. London, San Diego, Cambridge, Oxford: Academic Press/Elsevier; 2018. p. 393–406.

Lei Z, Mingyu S, Xiao W, Chao L, Chunxiang Q, Liang C, Hao H, Xiaoqing L, Fashui H. Antioxidant stress is promoted by nano-anatase in spinach chloroplasts under UV-B radiation. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2008;121:69–79. PubMed

Homaee BM, Ehsanpour AA. Silver nanoparticles and silver ions: oxidative stress responses and toxicity in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown in vitro. Hortic Environ Biotechnol. 2016;57:544–553.

Sharma P, Bhatt D, Zaidi MGH, Saradhi PP, Khanna PK, Arora S. Silver nanoparticle-mediated enhancement in growth and antioxidant status of Brassica juncea. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2012;167:2225–2233. PubMed

Krishnaraj C, Jagan EG, Ramachandran R, Abirami SM, Mohan N, Kalaichelvan PT. Effect of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles on Bacopa monnieri (Linn.) Wettst. Plant growth metabolism. Process Biochem. 2012;47:651–658.

Nair PMG, Chung IM. Assessment of silver nanoparticle-induced physiological and molecular changes in Arabidopsis thaliana. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2014;21:8858–8869. PubMed

An J, Zhang M, Wang S, Tang J. Physical, chemical and microbiological changes in stored green asparagus spears as affected by coating of silver nanoparticles-PVP. LWT Food Sci Technol. 2008;41:1100–1107.

Hasanuzzaman M, Borhannuddin Bhuyan MHM, Anee TI, Parvin K, Nahar K, Al Mahmud J, Fujita M. Regulation of ascorbate-glutathione pathway in mitigating oxidative damage in plants under abiotic stress. Antioxidants. 2019;8(9):384. PubMed PMC

Abbasi F, Jamei R. Effects of silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate on antioxidant responses in Echium amoenum. Russian J Plant Physiol. 2019;66:488–494.

Najafi S, Jamei R, Farnad N. Effect of silver nanoparticles and magnetic field on the yield and chemical composition of Triticum aestivum L. seedlings. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci. 2014;3:263–268.

Vishwakarma K, Shweta, Upadhyay N, Singh J, Liu S, Singh VP, Prasad SM, Chauhan DK, Tripathi DK, Sharma S. Differential phytotoxic impact of plant mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) on Brassica sp. Front Plant Sci. 2017;8:1501. PubMed PMC

Azeez L, Lateef A, Wahab AA, Rufai MA, Salau AK, Ajayi EIO, Ajayi M, Adegbite MK, Adebisi B. Phytomodulatory effects of silver nanoparticles on Corchorus olitorius: its antiphytopathogenic and hepatoprotective potentials. Plant Physiol Biochem. 2019;136:109–117. PubMed

Torrent L, Iglesias M, Marguí E, Hidalgo M, Verdaguer D, Llorens L, Kodre A, Kavčič A, Vogel-Mikuš K. Uptake, translocation and ligand of silver in Lactuca sativa exposed to silver nanoparticles of different size, coatings and concentration. J Hazard Mater. 2020;384:121201. PubMed

Lichtenthaler HK, Wellburn AR. Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochem Soc Trans. 1983;603:591–592.

Lück H. Peroxydase. Methoden der enzymatischen analyse. Weinheim: Verlag Chemie GmbH; 1962.

Nakano Y, Asada K. Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiol. 1981;22:867–880.

Guri A. Variation in glutathione and ascorbic acid content among selected cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris prior to and after exposure to ozone. Can J Plant Sci. 1983;63:733–737.

Krełowska-Kułas M. Badanie jakości produktów spożywczych [The study of food quality] 1. Warszawa: PWN; 1993.

Djeridane A, Yousfi M, Nadjemi B, Boutassouna D, Stocker P, Vidal N. Antioxidant activity of some Algerian medicinal plants extracts containing phenolic compounds. Food Chem. 2006;97:654–660.

Molyneux P. The use of the stable free radical diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) for estimating antioxidant activity. Songklanakarin J Sci Technol. 2004;26:211–219.

Pasławski P, Migaszewski ZM. The quality of element determinations in plant materials by instrumental methods. Polish J Environ Stud 2006;15(2a), Part I:154–164.

Kalisz A, Sękara A, Smoleń S, Grabowska A, Gil J, Komorowska M, Kunicki E. Survey of 17 elements, including rare earth elements, in chilled and non-chilled cauliflower cultivars. Sci Rep. 2019;9:5416. PubMed PMC

Interaction of the Nanoparticles and Plants in Selective Growth Stages-Usual Effects and Resulting Impact on Usage Perspectives

Sequential Changes in Antioxidant Potential of Oakleaf Lettuce Seedlings Caused by Nano-TiO2 Treatment