Immunization during pregnancy has been recommended in an increasing number of countries. The aim of this strategy is to protect pregnant women and infants from severe infectious disease, morbidity and mortality and is currently limited to tetanus, inactivated influenza, and pertussis-containing vaccines. There have been recent advancements in the development of vaccines designed primarily for use in pregnant women (respiratory syncytial virus and group B Streptococcus vaccines). Although there is increasing evidence to support vaccination in pregnancy, important gaps in knowledge still exist and need to be addressed by future studies. This collaborative consensus paper provides a review of the current literature on immunization during pregnancy and highlights the gaps in knowledge and a consensus of priorities for future research initiatives, in order to optimize protection for both the mother and the infant.

3rd Department of Pediatrics University Hospital ATTIKON National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece

Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology Department of Pediatrics Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand

Department of Immunology and Pathology Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia

Department of Internal Medicine Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases Yale School of Medicine Yale School of Public Health New Haven CT United States

Department of Medicine and Surgery Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit University of Parma Parma Italy

Department of Medicine and Surgery Pediatric Clinic Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital University of Parma Parma Italy

Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia

Department of Pediatrics College of Medicine and Health Sciences United Arab Emirates University Al Ain United Arab Emirates

Department of Pediatrics Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences São Paulo Brazil

Department of Pediatrics Seattle Children's Research Institute University of Washington Seattle WA United States

Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada

Department of Science and Technology National Research Foundation Vaccine Preventable Diseases Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

Dipartimento Scienze della Salute della Donna e del Bambino e di Sanità Pubblica Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A Gemelli IRCCS Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome Italy

Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department of Pediatrics Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Ann and Robert H Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago Chicago IL United States

Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Department of Pediatrics Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN United States

Faculty of Health Sciences School of Medicine University of Tasmania Launceston TAS Australia

Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Centre for the Evaluation of Vaccination Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Institute University of Antwerp Antwerp Belgium

Immunisation and Countermeasures Division National Infection Service Public Health England London United Kingdom

Immunization Action Coalition St Paul MN United States

Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology Division Health Sciences Post Graduation Program University of Caxias Do Sul Caxias Do Sul Brazil

Medical Research Council Respiratory and Meningeal Pathogens Research Unit Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

Microbiology and Mycology Program Faculty of Medicine Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Associate Researcher Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy University of Chile Santiago Chile

Oxford Vaccine Group Department of Paediatrics University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom

Pediatric Infectious Diseases University of Basel Children's Hospital Basel Switzerland

Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology Department Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Spain

School of Health and Biomedical Science RMIT University Melbourne VIC Australia

School of Medicine Hradec Kralove Institute of Social Medicine Charles University Prague Prague Czechia

The Faculty of Health Sciences Ben Gurion University of the Negev Beer Sheva Israel

Translational Pediatrics and Infectious Diseases Pediatrics Department Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela University of Santiago Santiago de Compostela Spain

Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology Buzzi Hospital ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University of Milan Milan Italy

Università degli Studi di Milano Milan Italy

Université de Paris Inserm CIC 1417 F CRIN 1 REIVAC Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris Paris France

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