Submerged macrophytes are of key importance for the structure and functioning of shallow lakes and can be decisive for maintaining them in a clear water state. The ongoing climate change affects the macrophytes through changes in temperature and precipitation, causing variations in nutrient load, water level and light availability. To investigate how these factors jointly determine macrophyte dominance and growth, we conducted a highly standardized pan-European experiment involving the installation of mesocosms in lakes. The experimental design consisted of mesotrophic and eutrophic nutrient conditions at 1 m (shallow) and 2 m (deep) depth along a latitudinal temperature gradient with average water temperatures ranging from 14.9 to 23.9°C (Sweden to Greece) and a natural drop in water levels in the warmest countries (Greece and Turkey). We determined percent plant volume inhabited (PVI) of submerged macrophytes on a monthly basis for 5 months and dry weight at the end of the experiment. Over the temperature gradient, PVI was highest in the shallow mesotrophic mesocosms followed by intermediate levels in the shallow eutrophic and deep mesotrophic mesocosms, and lowest levels in the deep eutrophic mesocosms. We identified three pathways along which water temperature likely affected PVI, exhibiting (a) a direct positive effect if light was not limiting; (b) an indirect positive effect due to an evaporation-driven water level reduction, causing a nonlinear increase in mean available light; and (c) an indirect negative effect through algal growth and, thus, high light attenuation under eutrophic conditions. We conclude that high temperatures combined with a temperature-mediated water level decrease can counterbalance the negative effects of eutrophic conditions on macrophytes by enhancing the light availability. While a water level reduction can promote macrophyte dominance, an extreme reduction will likely decrease macrophyte biomass and, consequently, their capacity to function as a carbon store and food source.

'Rui Nabeiro' Biodiversity Chair MED Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture Environment and Development Universidade de Évora Évora Portugal

Centre for Ecosystem Research and Implementation Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey

Centre for Limnology Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartumaa Estonia

Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Department of Biology University of Patras Rio Greece

Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Silkeborg Denmark

Department of River Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Magdeburg Germany

Department of Zoology Faculty of Science Al Azhar University Assiut Egypt

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia České Budějovice Czech Republic

Institute of Hydrobiology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences České Budějovice Czech Republic

Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters Hellenic Centre for Marine Research Anavissos Attiki Greece

Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries Berlin Germany

Limnology Laboratory Department of Biological Sciences Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey

Nature Conservation Centre Ankara Turkey

Sino Danish Centre for Education and Research University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Species Information Center Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

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