PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of over 20 zinc-dependent proteases with different biological and pathological activities, and many have been implicated in several diseases. Although nonselective MMP inhibitors are known to induce serious side-effects, targeting individual MMPs may offer a safer therapeutic potential for several diseases. Hence, we provide a concise overview on MMP-12, given its association with pulmonary diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and other progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF), which may also occur in coronavirus disease 2019. RECENT FINDINGS: In asthma, COPD, and PPF, increased MMP-12 levels have been associated with inflammation and/or structural changes within the lungs and negatively correlated with functional parameters. Increased pulmonary MMP-12 levels and MMP-12 gene expression have been related to disease severity in asthma and COPD. Targeting MMP-12 showed potential in animal models of pulmonary diseases but human data are still very scarce. SUMMARY: Although there may be a potential role of MMP-12 in asthma, COPD and PPF, several pathophysiological aspects await elucidation. Targeting MMP-12 may provide further insights into MMP-12 related mechanisms and how this translates into clinical outcomes; this warrants further research.

Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin Comenius University in Bratislava University Hospital in Martin Martin Slovakia

Department of Clinical Pharmacology QPS Netherlands Groningen The Netherlands

Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology University Medical Centre Groningen University of Groningen Groningen The Netherlands

Department of Microbiology Immunology and Transplantation KU Leuven Leuven Belgium

Department of Pediatrics

Department of Pulmonology and Physiology

Department of Respiratory Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Thomayer Hospital Prague Czech Republic

Dept of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology Institute for Clinical Science Skane University Hospital Lund University Lund Sweden

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