Fruit-derived bioactive substances have been spotlighted as a regulator against various diseases due to their fewer side effects compared to chemical drugs. Among the most frequently consumed fruits, apple is a rich source of nutritional molecules and contains high levels of bioactive compounds. The main structural classes of apple constituents include polyphenols, polysaccharides (pectin), phytosterols, and pentacyclic triterpenes. Also, vitamins and trace elements complete the nutritional features of apple fruit. There is now considerable scientific evidence that these bioactive substances present in apple and peel have the potential to improve human health, for example contributing to preventing cardiovascular disease, diabetes, inflammation, and cancer. This review will focus on the current knowledge of bioactive substances in apple and their medicinal value for human health.

Biomedical Research Centre University Hospital 50003 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

College of Life Science Yangtze University Jinzhou 434025 China

Department of Agriculture Food and Environment University of Pisa Via del Borghetto Pisa 80 56124 Pisa Italy

Department of Botany Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan 173229 H P India

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Kralove 50003 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Neurology of the Medical Faculty of Charles University and University Hospital in Hradec Kralove Sokolska 581 50005 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Faculty of Health and Social Studies Department of Radiology and Toxicology University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice 37005 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China

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Cytotoxicity and Nanoassembly Characteristics of Aromatic Amides of Oleanolic Acid and Ursolic Acid

Saponins of Selected Triterpenoids as Potential Therapeutic Agents: A Review