The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of raw (RawBC) and iron (Fe)-modified biochar (FeBC) derived from Platanus orientalis Linn branches on the plant growth, enzyme activity, and bioavailability and uptake of As, Cd, and Pb by rice in a paddy soil with continuously flooded (CF) or alternately wet and dry (AWD) irrigation in a pot experiment. Application of RawBC (3%, w/w) significantly increased soil pH, while FeBC decreased it. The FeBC was more effective in reducing As and Pb bioavailability, particularly under the AWD water regime, while RawBC was more conducive in reducing Cd bioavailability under the CF water regime. The FeBC decreased As concentration, but increased concentrations of Cd and Pb in the straw and brown rice, as compared to the untreated soil. Soil catalase and urease activities were enhanced by RawBC, but decreased by FeBC treatment. The FeBC increased the grain yield by 60% and 32% in CF and AWD treatments, respectively. The FeBC can be recommended for immobilization of As in paddy soils, but a potential human health risk from Cd and Pb in FeBC-treated soils should be considered due to increased uptake and translocation of the metals to brown rice.

Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Foshan University Guangdong Foshan 528000 China

Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Foshan University Guangdong Foshan 528000 China; Agronomy College Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang 110866 China

Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Foshan University Guangdong Foshan 528000 China; Key Laboratory of Soil Contamination Bioremediation of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang A and F University Zhejiang Hangzhou 311300 China

Biochar Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Foshan University Guangdong Foshan 528000 China; University of Wuppertal School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Institute of Foundation Engineering Water and Waste Management Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management Pauluskirchstraße 7 42285 Wuppertal Germany

Department of Biology Hong Kong Baptist University Kowloon Tong Hong Kong China

Department of Environment and Energy Sejong University Seoul 05006 South Korea

Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences v v i Rozvojová 135 165 02 Prague 6 Suchdol Czech Republic; Department of Power Engineering Faculty of Environmental Technology University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 166 28 Prague 6 Czech Republic

Key Laboratory of Agro Environment and Agro Product Safety Guangxi University 530005 Nanning China

Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster LA1 4YQ UK

School of Chemistry Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biomedicine South China Normal University Guangzhou 510006 China

School of Environment Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China

University of Wuppertal School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Institute of Foundation Engineering Water and Waste Management Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management Pauluskirchstraße 7 42285 Wuppertal Germany; Department of Environment Energy and Geoinformatics Sejong University Seoul 05006 South Korea

University of Wuppertal School of Architecture and Civil Engineering Institute of Foundation Engineering Water and Waste Management Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management Pauluskirchstraße 7 42285 Wuppertal Germany; King Abdulaziz University Faculty of Meteorology Environment and Arid Land Agriculture Department of Arid Land Agriculture 21589 Jeddah Saudi Arabia; University of Kafrelsheikh Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil and Water Sciences 33516 Kafr El Sheikh Egypt

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