Cadmium (Cd) is a major environmental contaminant due to its widespread industrial use. Cd contamination of soil and water is rather classical but has emerged as a recent problem. Cd toxicity causes a range of damages to plants ranging from germination to yield suppression. Plant physiological functions, i.e., water interactions, essential mineral uptake, and photosynthesis, are also harmed by Cd. Plants have also shown metabolic changes because of Cd exposure either as direct impact on enzymes or other metabolites, or because of its propensity to produce reactive oxygen species, which can induce oxidative stress. In recent years, there has been increased interest in the potential of plants with ability to accumulate or stabilize Cd compounds for bioremediation of Cd pollution. Here, we critically review the chemistry of Cd and its dynamics in soil and the rhizosphere, toxic effects on plant growth, and yield formation. To conserve the environment and resources, chemical/biological remediation processes for Cd and their efficacy have been summarized in this review. Modulation of plant growth regulators such as cytokinins, ethylene, gibberellins, auxins, abscisic acid, polyamines, jasmonic acid, brassinosteroids, and nitric oxide has been highlighted. Development of plant genotypes with restricted Cd uptake and reduced accumulation in edible portions by conventional and marker-assisted breeding are also presented. In this regard, use of molecular techniques including identification of QTLs, CRISPR/Cas9, and functional genomics to enhance the adverse impacts of Cd in plants may be quite helpful. The review's results should aid in the development of novel and suitable solutions for limiting Cd bioavailability and toxicity, as well as the long-term management of Cd-polluted soils, therefore reducing environmental and human health hazards.

Agronomic Research Institute Ayub Agricultural Research Institute Faisalabad Pakistan

College of Life Sciences Yan'an University Yan'an China

College of Resources and Environmental Sciences Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou China

Department of Agrochemistry Soil Science Microbiology and Plant Nutrition Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno Brno Czechia

Department of Agronomy University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan

Department of Botany University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan

Department of Soil and Environmental Science College of Agriculture University of Sargodha Sargodha Pakistan

Institute for Environmental Studies Faculty of Science Charles University Prague Prague Czechia

Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection Faculty of Chemistry Brno University of Technology Brno Czechia

Institute of Soil and Environmental Science University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad Pakistan

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