Agriculture in the 21st century is facing multiple challenges, such as those related to soil fertility, climatic fluctuations, environmental degradation, urbanization, and the increase in food demand for the increasing world population. In the meanwhile, the scientific community is facing key challenges in increasing crop production from the existing land base. In this regard, traditional farming has witnessed enhanced per acre crop yields due to irregular and injudicious use of agrochemicals, including pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, but at a substantial environmental cost. Another major concern in modern agriculture is that crop pests are developing pesticide resistance. Therefore, the future of sustainable crop production requires the use of alternative strategies that can enhance crop yields in an environmentally sound manner. The application of rhizobacteria, specifically, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), as an alternative to chemical pesticides has gained much attention from the scientific community. These rhizobacteria harbor a number of mechanisms through which they promote plant growth, control plant pests, and induce resistance to various abiotic stresses. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms of rhizobacteria involved in plant growth promotion, biocontrol of pests, and bioremediation of contaminated soils. It also focuses on the effects of PGPR inoculation on plant growth survival under environmental stress. Furthermore, the pros and cons of rhizobacterial application along with future directions for the sustainable use of rhizobacteria in agriculture are discussed in depth.

Agricultural Research Ltd Zahradni 400 1 664 41 Troubsko Czech Republic

Biology Center CAS SoWa RI Na Sadkach 7 370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic

College of Life Sciences Yan'an University Yan'an 716000 China

College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University Yangling 712100 China

College of Resources and Environmental Sciences Gansu Agricultural University Lanzhou 730070 China

Department of Agrochemistry Soil Science Microbiology and Plant Nutrition Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 1 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Environmental Protection Faculty of Chemistry Brno University of Technology Purkynova 118 612 00 Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology The University of Lahore Defense Road Lahore 54000 Pakistan

Institute of Soil and Environmental Science University of Agriculture Faisalabad Faisalabad 38040 Pakistan

School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China

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