Intra-specific variability is a cornerstone of evolutionary success of species. Acquiring genetic material from distant sources is an important adaptive mechanism in bacteria, but it can also play a role in eukaryotes. In this paper, we investigate the nature and evolution of a chromosomal segment of panicoid (Poaceae, Panicoideae) origin occurring in the nuclear genomes of species of the barley genus Hordeum (Pooideae). The segment, spanning over 440 kb in the Asian Hordeum bogdanii and 219 kb in the South American Hordeum pubiflorum, resides on a pair of nucleolar organizer region (NOR)-bearing chromosomes. Conserved synteny and micro-collinearity of the segment in both species indicate a common origin of the segment, which was acquired before the split of the respective barley lineages 5-1.7 million years ago. A major part of the foreign DNA consists of several approximately 68 kb long repeated blocks containing five stress-related protein-coding genes and transposable elements (TEs). Whereas outside these repeats, the locus was invaded by multiple TEs from the host genome, the repeated blocks are rather intact and appear to be preserved. The protein-coding genes remained partly functional, as indicated by conserved reading frames, a low amount of non-synonymous mutations, and expression of mRNA. A screen across Hordeum species targeting the panicoid protein-coding genes revealed the presence of the genes in all species of the section Stenostachys. In summary, our study shows that grass genomes can contain large genomic segments obtained from distantly related species. These segments usually remain undetected, but they may play an important role in the evolution and adaptation of species.

Faculty of Environmental Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences Prague Prague 6 16500 Czech Republic

Institute of Biophysics Czech Academy of Sciences Brno 61265 Czech Republic

Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Průhonice 25243 Czech Republic

Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research Šlechtitelů 31 Olomouc 77900 Czech Republic

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Plant J. 2021 Mar;105(5):1139-1140. doi: 10.1111/tpj.15192. PubMed

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Horizontally Acquired nrDNAs Persist in Low Amounts in Host Hordeum Genomes and Evolve Independently of Native nrDNA