Because they comprise some of the most efficient wood-decayers, Polyporales fungi impact carbon cycling in forest environment. Despite continuous discoveries on the enzymatic machinery involved in wood decomposition, the vision on their evolutionary adaptation to wood decay and genome diversity remains incomplete. We combined the genome sequence information from 50 Polyporales species, including 26 newly sequenced genomes and sought for genomic and functional adaptations to wood decay through the analysis of genome composition and transcriptome responses to different carbon sources. The genomes of Polyporales from different phylogenetic clades showed poor conservation in macrosynteny, indicative of genome rearrangements. We observed different gene family expansion/contraction histories for plant cell wall degrading enzymes in core polyporoids and phlebioids and captured expansions for genes involved in signalling and regulation in the lineages of white rotters. Furthermore, we identified conserved cupredoxins, thaumatin-like proteins and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with a yet uncharacterized appended module as new candidate players in wood decomposition. Given the current need for enzymatic toolkits dedicated to the transformation of renewable carbon sources, the observed genomic diversity among Polyporales strengthens the relevance of mining Polyporales biodiversity to understand the molecular mechanisms of wood decay.

Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas CIB CSIC Madrid 28040 Spain

Department of Biological Sciences King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia

Department of Botany and Plant Pathology Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA

Department of Plant Anatomy Institute of Biology Eötvös Loránd University Budapest 1117 Hungary

Department of Plant and Microbial Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA USA

Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA

INRAE Aix Marseille Univ CIRM CF UMR1163 Marseille 13009 France

INRAE Aix Marseille Univ UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques Marseille 13009 France

INRAE USC1408 AFMB Marseille 13009 France

Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Praha 4 142 20 Czech Republic

Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research Department of Plant Microbe Interactions Köln Germany

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland WA 99352 USA

Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology University of Oslo Oslo 0316 Norway

Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit Institute of Biochemistry Biological Research Center Szeged 6726 Hungary

Université de Lorraine INRAE UMR1136 Interactions Arbres Microorganismes Champenoux 54280 France

University of Ostrava Ostrava 701 03 Czech Republic

US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA

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Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genome Assemblies for the Endangered Wood-Decaying Fungus Somion occarium