The accuracy of the received signal strength-based visible light positioning (VLP) system in indoor applications is constrained by the tilt angles of transmitters (Txs) and receivers as well as multipath reflections. In this paper, for the first time, we show that tilting the Tx can be beneficial in VLP systems considering both line of sight (LoS) and non-line of sight transmission paths. With the Txs oriented towards the center of the receiving plane (i.e., the pointing center F), the received power level is maximized due to the LoS components on F. We also show that the proposed scheme offers a significant accuracy improvement of up to ~66% compared with a typical non-tilted Tx VLP at a dedicated location within a room using a low complex linear least square algorithm with polynomial regression. The effect of tilting the Tx on the lighting uniformity is also investigated and results proved that the uniformity achieved complies with the European Standard EN 12464-1. Furthermore, we show that the accuracy of VLP can be further enhanced with a minimum positioning error of 8 mm by changing the height of F.

Department of Electromagnetic Field Faculty of Electrical Engineering Czech Technical University Prague 16627 Prague Czech Republic

Instituto de Telecomunicações and Departamento de Electrónica Telecomunicações e Informática Universidade de Aveiro 3810 193 Aveiro Portugal

Optical Communications Research Group Faculty of Engineering and Environment Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST UK

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The Usage of ANN for Regression Analysis in Visible Light Positioning Systems

Editorial to the Special Issue on "Visible Light Communications, Networking, and Sensing"

Wireless Sensor Networks Using Sub-Pixel Optical Camera Communications: Advances in Experimental Channel Evaluation