We lack a predictive understanding of the environmental drivers determining the structure and function of archaeal communities as well as the proteome associated with these important soil organisms. Here, we characterized the structure (by 16S rRNA gene sequencing) and function (by metaproteomics) of archaea from 32 soil samples across terrestrial ecosystems with contrasting climate and vegetation types. Our multi-"omics" approach unveiled that genes from Nitrosophaerales and Thermoplasmata dominated soils collected from four continents, and that archaea comprise 2.3 ± 0.3% of microbial proteins in these soils. Aridity positively correlated with the proportion of Nitrosophaerales genes and the number of archaeal proteins. The interaction of climate x vegetation shaped the functional profile of the archaeal community. Our study provides novel insights into the structure and function of soil archaea across climates, and highlights that these communities may be influenced by increasing global aridity.

CEBAS CSIC Campus Universitario de Espinardo Murcia E 30100 Spain

Departamento de Sistemas Físicos Químicos y Naturales Universidad Pablo de Olavide Sevilla Spain

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH UFZ Department of Molecular Systems Biology Permoserstraße 15 04318 Leipzig Germany

Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Serrano 115 bis 28006 Madrid Spain

Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Vídeňská 1083 14220 Praha 4 Czech Republic

Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems Bioprocess Engineering Sandtorstraße 1 39106 Magdeburg Germany

Otto von Guericke University Bioprocess Engineering Universitätsplatz 2 39106 Magdeburg Germany

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Effects of 5-year experimental warming in the Alpine belt on soil Archaea: Multi-omics approaches and prospects