As global plant trade expands, tree disease epidemics caused by pathogen introductions are increasing. Since ca 2000, the introduced oomycete Phytophthora ramorum has caused devastating epidemics in Europe and North America, spreading as four ancient clonal lineages, each of a single mating type, suggesting different geographical origins. We surveyed laurosilva forests for P. ramorum around Fansipan mountain on the Vietnam-China border and on Shikoku and Kyushu islands, southwest Japan. The surveys yielded 71 P. ramorum isolates which we assigned to eight new lineages, IC1 to IC5 from Vietnam and NP1 to NP3 from Japan, based on differences in colony characteristics, gene x environment responses and multigene phylogeny. Molecular phylogenetic trees and networks revealed the eight Asian lineages were dispersed across the topology of the introduced European and North American lineages. The deepest node within P. ramorum, the divergence of lineages NP1 and NP2, was estimated at 0.5 to 1.6 Myr. The Asian lineages were each of a single mating type, and at some locations, lineages of "opposite" mating type were present, suggesting opportunities for inter-lineage recombination. Based on the high level of phenotypic and phylogenetic diversity in the sample populations, the coalescence results and the absence of overt host symptoms, we conclude that P. ramorum comprises many anciently divergent lineages native to the laurosilva forests between eastern Indochina and Japan.

Centre for Agricultural Research Plant Protection Institute ELKH H 1022 Budapest Hungary

Departament of Bioregulation and Biointeraction Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Fuchu Tokyo 183 8509 Japan

Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Sassari 07100 Sassari Italy

Forest Research Alice Holt Lodge Farnham GU10 4LH Surrey UK

Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 8687 Japan

Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology CzechGlobe Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences 603 00 Brno Czech Republic

Phytophthora Research and Consultancy 83131 Nußdorf Germany

Phytophthora Research Centre Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

River Basin Research Center Gifu University Gifu 501 1193 Japan

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Worldwide forest surveys reveal forty-three new species in Phytophthora major Clade 2 with fundamental implications for the evolution and biogeography of the genus and global plant biosecurity

Synchrospora gen. nov., a New Peronosporaceae Genus with Aerial Lifestyle from a Natural Cloud Forest in Panama

Phylogeography and population structure of the global, wide host-range hybrid pathogen Phytophthora × cambivora

Extensive morphological and behavioural diversity among fourteen new and seven described species in Phytophthora Clade 10 and its evolutionary implications

Natural Populations from the Phytophthora palustris Complex Show a High Diversity and Abundance of ssRNA and dsRNA Viruses

Eight new Halophytophthora species from marine and brackish-water ecosystems in Portugal and an updated phylogeny for the genus

Genera of phytopathogenic fungi: GOPHY 4

Phytophthora: an ancient, historic, biologically and structurally cohesive and evolutionarily successful generic concept in need of preservation

Effects of Phytophthora Inoculations on Photosynthetic Behaviour and Induced Defence Responses of Plant Volatiles in Field-Grown Hybrid Poplar Tolerant to Bark Canker Disease

Phytophthora heterospora sp. nov., a New Pseudoconidia-Producing Sister Species of P. palmivora