During extensive surveys of global Phytophthora diversity 14 new species detected in natural ecosystems in Chile, Indonesia, USA (Louisiana), Sweden, Ukraine and Vietnam were assigned to Phytophthora major Clade 10 based on a multigene phylogeny of nine nuclear and three mitochondrial gene regions. Clade 10 now comprises three subclades. Subclades 10a and 10b contain species with nonpapillate sporangia, a range of breeding systems and a mainly soil- and waterborne lifestyle. These include the previously described P. afrocarpa, P. gallica and P. intercalaris and eight of the new species: P. ludoviciana, P. procera, P. pseudogallica, P. scandinavica, P. subarctica, P. tenuimura, P. tonkinensis and P. ukrainensis. In contrast, all species in Subclade 10c have papillate sporangia and are self-fertile (or homothallic) with an aerial lifestyle including the known P. boehmeriae, P. gondwanensis, P. kernoviae and P. morindae and the new species P. celebensis, P. chilensis, P. javanensis, P. multiglobulosa, P. pseudochilensis and P. pseudokernoviae. All new Phytophthora species differed from each other and from related species by their unique combinations of morphological characters, breeding systems, cardinal temperatures and growth rates. The biogeography and evolutionary history of Clade 10 are discussed. We propose that the three subclades originated via the early divergence of pre-Gondwanan ancestors > 175 Mya into water- and soilborne and aerially dispersed lineages and subsequently underwent multiple allopatric and sympatric radiations during their global spread. Citation: Jung T, Milenković I, Corcobado T, et al. 2022. Extensive morphological and behavioural diversity among fourteen new and seven described species in Phytophthora Clade 10 and its evolutionary implications. Persoonia 49: 1-57. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.49.01.

Center for Plant Protection Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food 10000 Zagreb Croatia

Centre of Marine Sciences University of Algarve 8005 139 Faro Portugal

Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Sassari Viale Italia 39A 07100 Sassari Italy

Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine Dublin 2 D02 WK12 Ireland

Department of Crop and Forest Sciences University of Lleida Lleida 25198 Spain

Department of Forest Conservation Faculty of Forestry Hasanuddin University Makassar 90245 South Sulawesi Indonesia

Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 750 07 Uppsala Sweden

Department of Plant Pest and Disease Faculty of Agriculture Hasanuddin University Makassar 90245 South Sulawesi Indonesia

Forest Protection Research Centre Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences 10000 Hanoi Vietnam

Forest Research Alice Holt Lodge Farnham Surrey GU10 4LH UK

Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 8687 Japan

Laboratorio de Patología Forestal Facultad Ciencias Forestales y Centro de Biotecnología Universidad de Concepción 4030000 Concepción Chile

Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology Dept of Bioregulation and Bio interaction Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Fuchu Tokyo 183 8509 Japan

Mendel University in Brno Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Department of Forest Protection and Wildlife Management Phytophthora Research Centre 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Phytophthora Research and Consultancy 83131 Nussdorf Germany

Plant Diagnostic Center Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology Louisiana State University Agricultural Center Baton Rouge Louisiana USA

Research and Development Asia Pacific Resources International Limited 28300 Pangkalan Kerinci Riau Indonesia

River Basin Research Center Gifu University Gifu 501 1193 Japan

Ukrainian National Forestry University Pryrodna st 19 79057 Lviv Ukraine

University of Belgrade Faculty of Forestry 11030 Belgrade Serbia

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