In the 12,000 years preceding the Industrial Revolution, human activities led to significant changes in land cover, plant and animal distributions, surface hydrology, and biochemical cycles. Earth system models suggest that this anthropogenic land cover change influenced regional and global climate. However, the representation of past land use in earth system models is currently oversimplified. As a result, there are large uncertainties in the current understanding of the past and current state of the earth system. In order to improve representation of the variety and scale of impacts that past land use had on the earth system, a global effort is underway to aggregate and synthesize archaeological and historical evidence of land use systems. Here we present a simple, hierarchical classification of land use systems designed to be used with archaeological and historical data at a global scale and a schema of codes that identify land use practices common to a range of systems, both implemented in a geospatial database. The classification scheme and database resulted from an extensive process of consultation with researchers worldwide. Our scheme is designed to deliver consistent, empirically robust data for the improvement of land use models, while simultaneously allowing for a comparative, detailed mapping of land use relevant to the needs of historical scholars. To illustrate the benefits of the classification scheme and methods for mapping historical land use, we apply it to Mesopotamia and Arabia at 6 kya (c. 4000 BCE). The scheme will be used to describe land use by the Past Global Changes (PAGES) LandCover6k working group, an international project comprised of archaeologists, historians, geographers, paleoecologists, and modelers. Beyond this, the scheme has a wide utility for creating a common language between research and policy communities, linking archaeologists with climate modelers, biodiversity conservation workers and initiatives.

Barrett Honors College Arizona State University Tempe Arizona United States of America

Centre national de la recherche scientifique Nanterre France

College of Arts and Sciences Anthropology University of Tulsa Tusla Oklahoma United States of America

Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development Utrecht University Utrecht The Netherlands

Department d'Humanitats Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain

Department of Anthropology Dartmouth College Hanover New Hampshire United States of America

Department of Anthropology Stanford University Stanford California United States of America

Department of Anthropology University of Chicago Chicago Illinois United States of America

Department of Anthropology University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States of America

Department of Archaeological Science and Conservation Moesgaard Museum Højbjerg Denmark

Department of Archaeology Cotton University Guwahati India

Department of Archaeology Durham University Durham United Kingdom

Department of Archaeology University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom

Department of Archaeology University of Exeter Exeter United Kingdom

Department of Archaeology University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom

Department of Asian African and Mediterranean Studies University of Naples L'Orientale Naples Italy

Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences Linnaeus University Växjö Sweden

Department of Earth Sciences National Museums of Kenya Nairobi Kenya

Department of Earth Sciences The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong

Department of Geography and Anthropology Louisana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana United States of America

Department of Geography and Environmental Science University of Reading Reading United Kingdom

Department of Geography and Environmental Systems University of Maryland Baltimore County Maryland United States of America

Department of Historical Philosophical and religious Studies Umeå University Umeå Sweden

Department of History and Political Science Kyambogo University Kampala Uganda

Department of Maritime History and Marine Archaeology Tamil University Tanjore India

Department of Near East Languages and Civilizations and the Price Lab for the Digital Humanities University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania United States of America

Department of Physical Geography Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Department of Prehistory Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra Spain

Department of Sociology and Anthropology University of Arkansas at Little Rock Little Rock Arkansas United States of America

Faculty of Archaeology Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands

ICREA CaSEs Department of Humanities Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain

ICREA Department of Humanities Universitat Pompeu Fabra Barcelona Spain

Institute for Archaeolgical Scienes Bern University Bern Switzerland

Institute for Prehistoric Archaeology Universitat zu Koln Cologne Germany

Institute for the Modelling of Socio Environmental Transitions Bournemouth University Bournemouth United Kingdom

Institute of Archaeology and Museology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Archaeology Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland

Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Archaeology University College London London United Kingdom

Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Geography University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Institute of Heritage Science National Research Council of Italy Montelibretti Rome Italy

Institute of Pre and Protohistoric Archaeology Kiel Germany

Institute of Pre and Protohistoric Archaeology Kiel University Keil Germany

Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá Amazonas Brazil

Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science University of Basel Basel Switzerland

Laboratório de Arqueologia dos Trópicos Museu de Arqueologia e Etnologia Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History Jena Germany

McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research University of Cambridge Cambridge United Kingdom

Museum of Archaeology University of Stavanger Stavanger Norway

Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research Bern University Bern Switzerland

Palaeo Research Institute University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa

School of Archaeology Geography and Environmental Science University of Reading Reading United Kingdom

School of Archaeology University College Dublin Dublin Ireland

School of Archaeology University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom

School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences UNSW Sydney Sydney Australia

School of Geography Archaeology and Environmental Studies The University of the Witwatersrand Johannesburg South Africa

School of Geography Archaeology and Environmental Studies University of the Witwatersrand South Africa

School of Geography Archaeology and Environmental Studies University of the Witwatersrand Witwatersrand South Africa

School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences Plymouth University Plymouth United Kingdom

School of Geography University of Lincoln Lincoln United Kingdom

School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom

The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT Lima Peru

Tropical diversity Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh Edinburgh United Kingdom

UE CISOR CONICET UNJu Argentine National Science Council Argentina

W Szafer Institute of Botany Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw Poland

York Institute for Tropical Ecosystems Department of Environment and Geography University of York York United Kingdom

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Exploring the Interface Between Planetary Boundaries and Palaeoecology