Bacterial spot, caused by a group of Xanthomonads (Xanthomonas spp.), is a devastating disease. It can adversely affect the Capsicum annum productivity. Scientists are working on the role of antioxidants to meet this challenge. However, research is lacking on the role of antioxidant enzymes and their isoforms in the non-compatible pathogen and host plant interaction and resistance mechanisms in capsicum varieties. The present study was conducted to ascertain the defensive role of antioxidant enzymes and their isoforms in chilli varieties Hybrid, Desi, Serrano, Padron, and Shehzadi against bacterial spot disease-induced Xanthomonas sp. The seedlings were inoculated with bacterial pathogen @ 107 CFU/mL, and samples were harvested after regular intervals of 24 h for 4 days followed by inoculation. Total plant proteins were extracted in phosphate buffer and quantified through Bradford assay. The crude protein extracts were analyzed through quantitative enzymatic assays in order to document activity levels of various antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (POD), Catalase (CAT), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and Superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, the profiles appearance of these enzymes and their isoforms were determined using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis. These enzymes exhibited maximum activity in Hybrid (HiR) cultivar followed by Desi (R), Serrano (S), Padron, and Shehzadi (HS). Both the number of isoforms and expression levels were higher in highly resistant cultivars compared to susceptible and highly susceptible cultivars. The induction of POD, CAT, and SOD occurs at the early stages of growth in resistant Capsicum cultivars. At the same time, APX seems to make the second line of antioxidant defense mechanisms. We found that modulating antioxidant enzymes and isoforms activity at the seedling stage was an important mechanism for mitigating plant growth inhibition in the resistant ones.

Department of Agriculture AbdulWali Khan University Mardan Pakistan

Department of Agronomy Faculty of Agriculture University of Kafrelsheikh Kafr El Shaikh Egypt

Department of Agronomy The University of Haripur Haripur 22620 Pakistan

Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur Pakistan

Department of Botany and Microbiology College of Science King Saud University Riyadh 2455 Saudi Arabia

Department of Botany The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Bahawalpur 63100 Pakistan

Department of Botany University of Narowal Narowal 51801 Pakistan

Department of Chemistry The Women University Multan Punjab 60800 Pakistan

Department of Geology and Pedology Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology Mendel University in Brno Zemedelska 3 61300 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800 Pakistan

Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource College of Tropical Crops Hainan University Haikou 570228 China

Institute of Agriculture Resource and Regional Planning Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences China Changchun China

Senior Superintendent Gardens Resident Officer 2 Office Department University of the Punjab Lahore 54590 Pakistan

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