Ozone (O3) is a gaseous environmental pollutant that can enter leaves through stomatal pores and cause damage to foliage. It can induce oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that can actively participate in stomatal closing or opening in plants. A number of phytohormones, including abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA) are involved in stomatal regulation in plants. The effects of ozone on these phytohormones' ability to regulate the guard cells of stomata have been little studied, however, and the goal of this paper is to explore and understand the effects of ozone on stomatal regulation through guard cell signaling by phytohormones. In this review, we updated the existing knowledge by considering several physiological mechanisms related to stomatal regulation after response to ozone. The collected information should deepen our understanding of the molecular pathways associated with response to ozone stress, in particular, how it influences stomatal regulation, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity, and phytohormone signaling. After summarizing the findings and noting the gaps in the literature, we present some ideas for future research on ozone stress in plants.

College of Horticulture and Plant Protection Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023 China

Department of Agricultural Botany Faculty of Agriculture Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt

Department of Biology College of Science Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University Dammam 383 Saudi Arabia

Department of Botany and Plant Physiology Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague 16500 Prague Czech Republic

Department of Horticulture Faculty of Agriculture Ain Shams University Cairo 11566 Egypt

Department of Horticulture Sher e Bangla Agricultural University Dhaka 1207 Bangladesh

Grassland and Forage Division National Institute of Animal Science Rural Development Administration Cheonan 31000 Korea

Key Laboratory of Southern Vegetable Crop Genetic Improvement in Ministry of Agriculture College of Horticulture Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 China

State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro Ecosystems School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China

Vegetable Crop Department Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt

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