Functional neurological disorder (FND) was of great interest to early clinical neuroscience leaders. During the 20th century, neurology and psychiatry grew apart - leaving FND a borderland condition. Fortunately, a renaissance has occurred in the last two decades, fostered by increased recognition that FND is prevalent and diagnosed using "rule-in" examination signs. The parallel use of scientific tools to bridge brain structure - function relationships has helped refine an integrated biopsychosocial framework through which to conceptualize FND. In particular, a growing number of quality neuroimaging studies using a variety of methodologies have shed light on the emerging pathophysiology of FND. This renewed scientific interest has occurred in parallel with enhanced interdisciplinary collaborations, as illustrated by new care models combining psychological and physical therapies and the creation of a new multidisciplinary FND society supporting knowledge dissemination in the field. Within this context, this article summarizes the output of the first International FND Neuroimaging Workgroup meeting, held virtually, on June 17th, 2020 to appraise the state of neuroimaging research in the field and to catalyze large-scale collaborations. We first briefly summarize neural circuit models of FND, and then detail the research approaches used to date in FND within core content areas: cohort characterization; control group considerations; task-based functional neuroimaging; resting-state networks; structural neuroimaging; biomarkers of symptom severity and risk of illness; and predictors of treatment response and prognosis. Lastly, we outline a neuroimaging-focused research agenda to elucidate the pathophysiology of FND and aid the development of novel biologically and psychologically-informed treatments.

Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences The University of Edinburgh EH16 4SB UK

Department of Neurology Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam de Boelelaan 1117 Amsterdam Netherlands

Department of Neurology Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University Chicago IL USA

Department of Neurology Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine Stony Brook NY USA

Department of Neurology University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum Ruhr University Bochum Germany

Department of Psychiatry Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Sciences University of Manitoba Winnipeg MB R3T 2N2 Canada

Department of Psychiatry University Hospital Brno Czech Republic

Department of Psychiatry University of Melbourne Austin Health Heidelberg Australia

Department of Psychological Medicine Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK

Department of Radiology Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA

Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA

Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology Rhode Island Hospital Brown University Providence RI USA

Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology and Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Mayo Clinic Rochester MN USA

Division of Adult Psychiatry Department of Psychiatry University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland; Service of Neurology Department of Clinical Neuroscience University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland

Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic University Health Network and the University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada

Epilepsy Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran; Department of Neurology Jefferson Comprehensive Epilepsy Center Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia PA USA

Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen University Medical Center Groningen Groningen University of Groningen The Netherlands

Human Motor Control Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA

Institute of Mental Health University College London London UK

James J and Joan A Gardner Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Department of Neurology University of Cincinnati Cincinnati OH USA

Neurology Department Psychosomatic Medicine Unit Bern University Hospital Inselspital University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Neurosciences Research Centre St George's University of London London UK

Section of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK

South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust London UK Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience King's College London London UK

The Children's Hospital at Westmead Westmead Institute of Medical Research University of Sydney Medical School Sydney NSW Australia

University of Alabama at Birmingham Epilepsy Center Department of Neurology University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA

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