The COVID-19 pandemic has increased negative emotions and decreased positive emotions globally. Left unchecked, these emotional changes might have a wide array of adverse impacts. To reduce negative emotions and increase positive emotions, we tested the effectiveness of reappraisal, an emotion-regulation strategy that modifies how one thinks about a situation. Participants from 87 countries and regions (n = 21,644) were randomly assigned to one of two brief reappraisal interventions (reconstrual or repurposing) or one of two control conditions (active or passive). Results revealed that both reappraisal interventions (vesus both control conditions) consistently reduced negative emotions and increased positive emotions across different measures. Reconstrual and repurposing interventions had similar effects. Importantly, planned exploratory analyses indicated that reappraisal interventions did not reduce intentions to practice preventive health behaviours. The findings demonstrate the viability of creating scalable, low-cost interventions for use around the world. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION: The stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 12 May 2020. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4878591.v1.

Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland

Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba Akoko Nigeria

Admission Center Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan

Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike Ndufu Alike Nigeria

Ankara Turkey

Ashland University Ashland OH USA

Athens University of Economic and Business Athens Greece

Australian Catholic University North Sydney New South Wales Australia

Aventura Social and DESSH Faculty of Human Kinetics University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal

Barakaldo Spain

Behavioural Science Institute Faculty of Social Sciences Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands

Behavioural Science Institute Radboud University Nijmegen The Netherlands

Black Dog Institute UNSW Sydney Sydney Australia

California State University Northridge Los Angeles CA USA

Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences Magdalen College University of Oxford Oxford UK

Carnegie School of Sport Leeds Beckett University London UK

Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy Bucharest Romania

Case Western Reserve University Cleveland OH USA

Center for Children and Families Department of Psychology Florida International University Miami FL USA

Center for Psychology University of Porto Amarante Portugal

Center for Psychology University of Porto Porto Portugal

Center for Research on Cognition and Behavior SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities in Sopot Sopot Poland

Center for Translational Behavioral Science Florida State University Tallahassee FL USA

Centre for Economic Psychology and Decision Sciences Kozminski University Warsaw Poland

Centre for Healthy Ageing Health Futures Institute Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia

Centre of Attachment and Emotional Regulation Universidad del Desarrollo Las Condes Chile

Centro de Apego y Regulación Emocional Facultad de Psicología Universidad Del Desarrollo Santiago Chile

Centro de Estudios Orientales Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú Lima Peru

Charles University Prague Czechia

Chinese Center of Disease Prevention and Control Beijing China

CIS IUL Iscte Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal

Claremont Graduate University Claremont CA USA

Clínica Alemana de Santiago Santiago Chile

CLLE Université de Toulouse Toulouse France

Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Cognitive Science Faculty of Education University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

College of Science Health Engineering and Education Murdoch University Lesmurdie Australia

College of Science Health Engineering and Education Murdoch University Perth Western Australia Australia

Concordia University Montreal Quebec Canada

De La Salle University Manila Philippines

Departamento de Psicología Laboratorio de Estrés y Salud Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile

Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation Hacettepe University Ankara Turkey

Department of Applied Health Research University College London London UK

Department of Applied Psychology New York University New York NY USA

Department of Art Studies Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran

Department of Biological and Medical Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Bergen Bergen Norway

Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padua Padua Italy

Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet Solna Sweden

Department of Clinical Psychology United Arab Emirates University Al Ain UAE

Department of Clinical Psychology University of Dhaka Dhaka Bangladesh

Department of Cognition Emotion and Methods in Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Cognition Emotion and Methods in Psychology School of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Cognition Emotion and Methods in Psychology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Cognitive Psychology Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany

Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology New Bulgarian University Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Cognitive Science and Psychology Research Center for Cognitive Science New Bulgarian University Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Cognitive Science Occidental College Los Angeles CA USA

Department of Economics and Social Sciences Institute of Business Administration Karachi Pakistan

Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Experimental Psychology Ghent University Gent Belgium

Department of Experimental Psychology Institute of Psychology University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

Department of Experimental Psychology University College London London UK

Department of General Experimental Developmental and Health Psychology Sofia University St Kliment Ohridski Sofia Bulgaria

Department of General Psychology University of Padua Padua Italy

Department of Human Development and Psychology Tzu Chi University Hualien Taiwan

Department of Industrial Engineering and Innovation Sciences Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands

Department of Language and Linguistics University of Essex Colchester UK

Department of Learning Informatics Management and Ethics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden

Department of Linguistics Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden

Department of Management Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark

Department of Management Kingston University London Kingston UK

Department of Management London School of Economics and Political Science London UK

Department of Molecular and Cell Biology University of California Berkeley Berkeley CA USA

Department of Neurosurgery Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX USA

Department of Nordic Studies and Linguistics University of Copenhagen Aarhus Denmark

Department of Organization and Human Resources School of Management Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal Quebec Canada

Department of Philosophy Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University in Krakow Kraków Poland

Department of Philosophy Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia

Department of Philosophy Sociology Education and Applied Psychology University of Padova Zovencedo Italy

Department of Political Science Bilkent University Ankara Turkey

Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences University of Delaware Newark DE USA

Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla Turkey

Department of Psychological Counselling and Guidance Faculty of Education Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Muğla Turkey

Department of Psychological Sciences Kent State University Kent OH USA

Department of Psychological Sciences Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne Victoria Australia

Department of Psychology Afyon Kocatepe University Afyonkarahisar Turkey

Department of Psychology Alex Ekwueme Federal University Abakaliki Nigeria

Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Nova Southeastern University Fort Lauderdale FL USA

Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Nova Southeastern University Pembroke Pines FL USA

Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences Krems an der Donau Austria

Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy Witten Herdecke University Witten Germany

Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience Ben Gurion University Beersheba Israel

Department of Psychology Ankara Medipol University Ankara Turkey

Department of Psychology Ashland University Ashland OH USA

Department of Psychology Ashland University Medina OH USA

Department of Psychology Atilim University Ankara Turkey

Department of Psychology Bar Ilan University Ramat Gan Israel

Department of Psychology Ben Gurion University Beersheba Israel

Department of Psychology Bournemouth University Poole UK

Department of Psychology Dokuz Eylül University Samsun Turkey

Department of Psychology Education and Child Studies Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences Erasmus University Rotterdam The Netherlands

Department of Psychology Faculty of Arts Charles University Prague Czechia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Arts Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Košice Slovakia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Education Matej Bel University Banská Bystrica Slovakia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences J J Strossmayer University of Osijek Osijek Croatia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek Osijek Croatia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Mathematics Natural Sciences and Information Technologies University of Primorska Koper Slovenia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Media and Communications Singidunum University Belgrade Serbia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Psychology and Education University of Tehran Tehran Iran

Department of Psychology Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Psychology Federal University of Mato Grosso Cuiabá Brazil

Department of Psychology Fo Guang University Yilan County Taiwan

Department of Psychology Franklin and Marshall College Lancaster PA USA

Department of Psychology Georgia State University Atlanta GA USA

Department of Psychology Global MINDS University of Limerick Dhaka Bangladesh

Department of Psychology Goethe University Frankfurt Frankfurt Germany

Department of Psychology Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana PA USA

Department of Psychology Indiana University of Pennsylvania Saint Michael PA USA

Department of Psychology Institute of Social Sciences University of Başkent Ankara Turkey

Department of Psychology Institute of Social Sciences University of Başkent Çankaya Turkey

Department of Psychology Jose Rizal University Pasig City Philippines

Department of Psychology Lancaster University Lancaster UK

Department of Psychology Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu Sibiu Romania

Department of Psychology Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia

Department of Psychology Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK

Department of Psychology Michigan State University East Lansing MI USA

Department of Psychology Middle East Technical University Ankara Turkey

Department of Psychology Middlebury College; Vermont Psychological Services University of Vermont Middlebury VT USA

Department of Psychology Mohammed 5 University in Rabat Rabat Morocco

Department of Psychology Northern Illinois University DeKalb IL USA

Department of Psychology Oakland University Oakland County MI USA

Department of Psychology Samsun University Samsun Turkey

Department of Psychology Sapienza University Rome Italy

Department of Psychology Senshu University Tokyo Japan

Department of Psychology Serbia Union University Novi Sad Serbia

Department of Psychology Simon Fraser University Burnaby British Columbia Canada

Department of Psychology Stanford University Stanford CA USA

Department of Psychology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden

Department of Psychology SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Sopot Poland

Department of Psychology The Education University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong

Department of Psychology The Pennsylvania State University State College PA USA

Department of Psychology The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA

Department of Psychology Tufts University Medford MA USA

Department of Psychology UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway

Department of Psychology Universidad de los Andes Bogotá Colombia

Department of Psychology Universidad de Sonora Hermosillo Mexico

Department of Psychology University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA

Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands

Department of Psychology University of Cambridge Cambridge UK

Department of Psychology University of Crete Rethymno Greece

Department of Psychology University of Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus

Department of Psychology University of Denver Denver CO USA

Department of Psychology University of Essex Colchester UK

Department of Psychology University of Florida Gainesville USA

Department of Psychology University of Florida New York NY USA

Department of Psychology University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong

Department of Psychology University of Magallanes Punta Arenas Chile

Department of Psychology University of Maribor Maribor Slovenia

Department of Psychology University of Minnesota Minneapolis MN USA

Department of Psychology University of Minnesota Twin Cities Minneapolis MN USA

Department of Psychology University of Mississippi Oxford MS USA

Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway

Department of Psychology University of Sheffield Sheffield UK

Department of Psychology University of Southern California Los Angeles CA USA

Department of Psychology University of Tehran Tehran Iran

Department of Psychology University of the Fraser Valley Surrey British Columbia Canada

Department of Psychology University of the Philippines Diliman Metro Manila Philippines

Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin Madison Madison WI USA

Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin Stout White Bear Township WI USA

Department of Psychology University of Wuppertal Witten Germany

Department of Psychology University of Zadar Zadar Croatia

Department of Psychology Üsküdar University Istanbul Turkey

Department of Psychology Willamette University Salem OR USA

Department of Psychology Wittenberg University Springfield OH USA

Department of Pure and Applied Psychology Faculty of Social and Management Sciences Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba Nigeria

Department of Social and Work Psychology University of Brasília Brasília Brazil

Department of Social Psychology Tilburg University Bonn Germany

Department of Social Psychology Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands

Department of Special Education and The Edmond J Safra Brain Research Center for the Study of Learning Disabilities University of Haifa Tel Aviv Israel

Department of Sport Management Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science Urmia University Urmia Iran

Department of Surgery and Cancer Imperial College London London UK

Department of Translation Studies Faculty of Arts University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Developmental Behavioral Genetics Laboratory Psychological Institute of the Russian Academy of Education Moscow Russia

Discipline of Psychology Faculty of Health University of Canberra Canberra Australia

Division of Psychology and Language Sciences University College London London UK

Dr Lazar Vrkatic Faculty of Legal and Business Studies Novi Sad Serbia

Dynamic and Clinical Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy

Emili Sagol Creative Arts Therapies Research Center University of Haifa Haifa Israel

Emotional Health for All Foundation Jakarta Indonesia

Environment Center Charles University Prague Czechia

European University of Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus

Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal

Facultad de Psicología Instituto de Investigación Científica Universidad de Lima Lima Perú

Facultad de Psicología Universidad del Desarrollo Concepción Chile

Facultad de Psicología Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Córdoba Argentina

Faculty of Arts and Science Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan

Faculty of Arts Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland

Faculty of Arts University of Presov Prešov Slovakia

Faculty of Economics Maria Curie Sklodowska University Lublin Poland

Faculty of Education University of Prešov Prešov Slovakia

Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala National Autonomous University of Mexico Mexico City Mexico

Faculty of Humanities and Social Science The University of Osijek Osijek Croatia

Faculty of Management University of Warsaw Warsaw Poland

Faculty of Media and Communication Singidunum University Belgrade Serbia

Faculty of Medicine FMUC Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health ICNAS Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research CIBIT University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Faculty of Psychology Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand

Faculty of Psychology Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz Bogotá Colombia

Faculty of Science and Engineering Waseda University Tokyo Japan

Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia

Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran

Florence Italy

FOM University of Applied Sciences Essen Germany

FOM University of Applied Sciences Essen; Leibniz Institut für Wissensmedien Tübingen Germany

Fox School of Business Temple University Philadelphia PA USA

Friedrich Schiller University Jena Jena Germany

Fundación Universitaria Konrad Lorenz Bogotá Colombia

GC University Lahore Lahore Pakistan

GC University Lahore Pakistan

Gent Belgium

Grenoble Ecole de Management Grenoble France

Grupo de investigación en Biogeografía y Ecología Espacial Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam Tena Ecuador

Harrisburg University of Science and Technology Bethlehem PA USA

Harvard Business School Harvard University Cambridge MA USA

Harvard Kennedy School and Department of Psychology Harvard University Cambridge MA USA

Harvard Kennedy School Harvard University Cambridge MA USA

Higher College of Education and Training Ibn Tofail University Kenitra Morocco

Human Inspired Technology Center University of Padua Padua Italy

Humboldt State University Arcata CA USA

Indiana University of Pennsylvania Akron PA USA

Indiana University of Pennsylvania Indiana PA USA

Indiana University Pennsylvania Indiana PA USA

INSEAD Singapore Singapore

Institute for Globally Distributed Open Research and Education Kingston University London UK

Institute for Linguistic Studies Russian Academy of Sciences Saint Petersburg Russia

Institute for Research and Development of Education Faculty of Education Charles University Prague Czechia

Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai Guangzhou China

Institute of Applied Psychology Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland

Institute of Asian and African Studies Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia

Institute of Cognitive and Evolutionary Anthropology University of Oxford Oxford UK

Institute of Economic Studies Charles University Prague Czechia

Institute of Environmental Health Medicine Faculty University of Lisbon Lisbon Portugal

Institute of European Studies and International Relations Faculty of Social and Economic Sciences Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia

Institute of Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health ICNAS Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research CIBIT University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal

Institute of Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Institute of Psychology Faculty of Arts University of Presov Presov Slovakia

Institute of Psychology Faculty of Arts University of Presov Prešov Slovakia

Institute of Psychology Jagiellonian University Krakow Poland

Institute of Psychology Leibniz University Hannover Hannover Germany

Institute of Psychology Leipzig University Heidelberg Germany

Institute of Psychology University of Brasilia Uberaba Brazil

Institute of Psychology University of Graz Graz Austria

Institute of Psychology University of Hildesheim Hildesheim Germany

Institute of Psychology University of Opole Opole Poland

Institute of Psychology University of Pécs Pécs Hungary

Institute of Psychology University of Presov Prešov Slovakia

Institute of Psychology University of Silesia in Katowice Katowice Poland

Institute of Psychology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

Institute of Psychology University of Wroclaw Wrocław Poland

Institute of Psychology University of Wroclaw; Social and Legal Psychology Johannes Gutenberg University Wrocław Poland

Institute of Social Sciences CSPS Slovak Academy of Sciences Košice Slovakia

Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas UNC Córdoba Argentina

Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas Universidad Nacional de Córdoba Conicet Córdoba Argentina

Instituto Tecnológico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Hermosillo Mexico

Instytute of Psychology Jagiellonian University Czestochowa Poland

Intelligent Agents and Synthetic Characters Group INESC ID Lisbon Portugal

ISCTE Instituto Universitário de Lisboa Lisbon Portugal

Islamabad Pakistan

Ithaca College Ithaca NY USA

Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland

Kellogg School of Management Northwestern University Evanston IL USA

Kindergarten Kustošija Zagreb Croatia

La Trobe University Melbourne Victoria Australia

Laboratory for Experimental Psychology Institute of Philosophy Department of Psychology Faculty of Philosophy The University of Belgrade Beograd Stari Grad Serbia

Laboratory for Research of Individual Differences Faculty of Philosophy University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Lazaridis School of Business and Economics Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo Ontario Canada

LEAD Research Network Eberhard Karls University Tübingen Germany

Leiden University Culemborg The Netherlands

Leiden University Utrecht The Netherlands

Linguistics Department Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden

LIP PC2S Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France

London School of Economics and Political Science London UK

Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts Skopje North Macedonia

Macquarie University Sydney New South Wales Australia

Mannheim Centre for European Social Research University of Mannheim Mannheim Germany

MIS Department Ankara Science University Ankara Turkey

Mohammed 5 University in Rabat Rabat Morocco

Montclair State University Jersey City NJ USA

MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit University of Cambridge Cambridge UK

Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab Department of Psychology University of Oslo Oslo Norway

National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece

National Research University Higher School of Economics Moscow Russia

NHH Norwegian School of Economics Department of Strategy and Management Bergen Norway

Nic Waals Institute Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital Oslo Norway

Norvel Psychological Centre for Counselling and Research Osijek Croatia

Oxford Internet Institute University of Oxford Oxford UK

Padova Neuroscience Center University of Padua Padua Italy

Paul Valery Montpellier University Montpellier France

Poggio Imperiale Italy

Prague University of Economics and Business Prague Czechia

Programa de Psicología Universidad del Rosario Bogotá Colombia

PSA Psihesko Skopje North Macedonia

Psychology Department Dominican University River Forest IL USA

Psychology Department DRC University of Delhi Delhi India

Psychology Department Swansea University Swansea UK

Puebla Mexico

Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA

Queen's University Belfast Belfast Ireland

Research Methods Assessment and iScience Department of Psychology University of Konstanz Kreuzlingen Switzerland

Saint Joseph's University Philadelphia PA USA

Samarkand Uzbekistan

Sampurna Montfort College Bangalore India

School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography University of Oxford Oxford UK

School of Applied Psychology ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences Winterthur Switzerland

School of Architecture University of Sheffield Sheffield UK

School of Behavioural and Health Sciences Australian Catholic University North Sydney New South Wales Australia

School of Business Stevens Institute of Technology Hoboken NJ USA

School of Communication and Culture Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark

School of Creative Arts Therapies University of Haifa Haifa Israel

School of Health and Behavioural Sciences University of the Sunshine Coast Brisbane Queensland Australia

School of Languages and Cultures University of Queensland Lucia Queensland Australia

School of Psychological and Behavioral Sciences Southern Illinois University Carbondale IL USA

School of Psychological Science University of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia

School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research The University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand

School of Psychology and Neuroscience University of St Andrews St Andrews UK

School of Psychology Arellano University Manila Philippines

School of Psychology Keynes College University of Kent Canterbury UK

School of Psychology King's College University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK

School of Psychology Nanjing Normal University Nanjing China

School of Psychology National University of Ireland Galway Galway Ireland

School of Psychology University of Birmingham Birmingham AL USA

School of Psychology University of Nottingham Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

School of Psychology University of Nottingham Malaysia Semenyih Malaysia

School of Psychology University of Surrey Guildford UK

School of Social Sciences Singapore Management University Singapore Singapore

Sewanee The University of the South Sewanee TN USA

Social and Legal Psychology Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit Department of Cognition Emotion and Methods in Psychology Faculty of Psychology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Sociedad Chilena de Desarrollo Emocional Santiago Chile

Stanford University Stanford CA USA

Stockholm Sweden

Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden

SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Gdansk Poland

SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warsaw Poland

T A Pai Management Institute Manipal India

The Faculty of Arts Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland

The Institute of Psychology; Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Osijek Osijek Croatia

The University of Adelaide Adelaide South Australia Australia

The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong

Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands

United States International University Africa Nairobi Kenya

Universidad de los Andes Bogotá Colombia

Universidad de Navarra Pamplona Spain

Universidad de Sonora Hermosillo Mexico

Universidad del Desarrollo Santiago Chile

Universidad Latina de Costa Rica San Jose Costa Rica

Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul São Paulo Brazil

Université de Lorraine; CNRS BETA Université de Strasbourg Nancy France

Université de Paris Paris France

Université de Paris Strasbourg France

Université Grenoble Alpes Grenoble France

Université Grenoble Alpes; Institut Universitaire de France Grenoble France

Université Paul Valéry Montpellier Granada Spain

Universiteit Leiden Leiden The Netherlands

University College Cork Cork Ireland

University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA

University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands

University of Birmingham Birmingham UK

University of Bristol Bristol UK

University of Cyprus Nicosia Cyprus

University of Deusto Barakaldo Spain

University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw Warsaw Poland

University of Essex Colchester UK

University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong

University of Louisiana at Lafayette Lafayette LA USA

University of Milan Bicocca Milan Italy

University of Minnesota Twin Cities Saint Paul MN USA

University of Navarra Pamplona Spain

University of Oxford Oxford UK

University of Southern Indiana Greenwood IN USA

University of Tabriz Tabriz Iran

University of the Philippines Diliman Quezon City Philippines

University of Valencia Valencia Spain

University of Virginia Denver CO USA

University of Warwick Coventry UK

Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA

Warsaw Poland

Western Kentucky University Bowling Green KY USA

Wolfson College University of Oxford Oxford UK

Erratum v

Nat Hum Behav. 2022 Sep;6(9):1318-1319. doi: 10.1038/s41562-022-01441-4. PubMed

Zobrazit více v PubMed

New poll: COVID-19 impacting mental well-being: Americans feeling anxious, especially for loved ones; older adults are less anxious. American Psychiatric Association; https://www.psychiatry.org/newsroom/news-releases/new-poll-covid-19-impacting-mental-well-being-americans-feeling-anxious-especially-for-loved-ones-older-adults-are-less-anxious (5 May 2020).

Barari S et al. Evaluating COVID-19 public health messaging in Italy: self-reported compliance and growing mental health concerns. Preprint at medRxiv 10.1101/2020.03.27.20042820 (2020). DOI

Hou Z, Du F, Jiang H, Zhou X & Lin L Assessment of public attention, risk perception, emotional and behavioural responses to the COVID-19 outbreak: social media surveillance in China. Preprint at SSRN; 10.2139/ssrn.3551338 (2020). DOI

Kirzinger A, Kearney A, Hamel L & Brodie M KFF health tracking poll—early April 2020: the impact of coronavirus on life in America. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation; https://www.kff.org/health-reform/report/kff-health-tracking-poll-early-april-2020/ (2020).

Langer G Coronavirus impacts: disrupted lives, elevated stress, and soaring worry: Poll. ABC News; https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/coronavirus-impacts-disrupted-lives-elevated-stress-soaring-worry/story?id=69812058 (5 May 2020).

Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N & Zhu T The impact of COVID-19 epidemic declaration on psychological consequences: a study on active Weibo users. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 2032 (2020). PubMed PMC

McCarthy J Three in four Americans worry about COVID-19 exposure. Gallup.com; https://news.gallup.com/poll/307646/three-four-americans-worry-covid-exposure.aspx (5 May 2020).

Pinnington B Britain’s view of COVID-19 as ‘high threat’ to their business jumps 19 points in a week. Ipsos MORI; https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/britains-view-covid-19-high-threat-their-business-jumps-19-points-week (5 May 2020).

Smith M How is COVID-19 affecting British opinions, jobs and wellbeing? YouGov; https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2020/03/24/how-covid-19-affecting-british-opinions-jobs-and-w (5 May 2020).

Zhao Y, Cheng S, Yu X & Xu H Chinese public’s attention to the COVID-19 epidemic on social media: observational descriptive study. J. Med. Internet Res 22, e18825 (2020). PubMed PMC

Jackson C & Newall M Partisanship reemerging in American views of coronavirus. Ipsos; https://www.ipsos.com/en-us/news-polls/axios-ipsos-coronavirus-index (5 May 2020).

Stremikis K In COVID-19 tracking poll, Californians report worsening mental health, cost worries. California Health Care Foundation; https://www.chcf.org/blog/covid-19-tracking-poll-californians-report-worsening-mental-health-cost-worries/ (2020).

COVID-19 and ending violence against women and girls. UN Women; https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/04/issue-brief-covid-19-and-ending-violence-against-women-and-girls (5 May 2020).

Sheppes G, Suri G & Gross JJ Emotion regulation and psychopathology. Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol. 11, 379–405 (2015). PubMed

Cacioppo JT & Cacioppo S The growing problem of loneliness. Lancet 391, 426 (2018). PubMed PMC

Cooper ML, Frone MR, Russell M & Mudar P Drinking to regulate positive and negative emotions: a motivational model of alcohol use. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol 69, 990–1005 (1995). PubMed

Dorison CA et al. Sadness, but not all negative emotions, heightens addictive substance use. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 943–949 (2020). PubMed PMC

Kassel JD, Stroud LR & Paronis CA Smoking, stress, and negative affect: correlation, causation, and context across stages of smoking. Psychol. Bull. 129, 270–304 (2003). PubMed

Brod S, Rattazzi L, Piras G & D’Acquisto F ‘As above, so below’ examining the interplay between emotion and the immune system. Immunology 143, 311–318 (2014). PubMed PMC

Denson TF, Spanovic M & Miller N Cognitive appraisals and emotions predict cortisol and immune responses: a meta-analysis of acute laboratory social stressors and emotion inductions. Psychol. Bull. 135, 823–853 (2009). PubMed

Moons WG & Shields GS Anxiety, not anger, induces inflammatory activity: an avoidance/approach model of immune system activation. Emotion 15, 463–476 (2015). PubMed

Alvaro PK, Roberts RM & Harris JK A systematic review assessing bidirectionality between sleep disturbances, anxiety, and depression. Sleep 36, 1059–1068 (2013). PubMed PMC

Adam TC & Epel ES Stress, eating and the reward system. Physiol. Behav. 91, 449–458 (2007). PubMed

Groesz LM et al. What is eating you? Stress and the drive to eat. Appetite 58, 717–721 (2012). PubMed PMC

Birkley EL & Eckhardt CI Anger, hostility, internalizing negative emotions, and intimate partner violence perpetration: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 37, 40–56 (2015). PubMed PMC

Roberton T, Daffern M & Bucks RS Emotion regulation and aggression. Aggress. Violent Behav. 17, 72–82 (2012).

Foley AE et al. The math anxiety–performance link: a global phenomenon. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 26, 52–58 (2017).

Diener E, Thapa S & Tay L Positive emotions at work. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 7, 451–477 (2020).

Shockley KM, Ispas D, Rossi ME & Levine EL A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between state affect, discrete emotions, and job performance. Hum. Perform. 25, 377–411 (2012).

Haushofer J & Fehr E On the psychology of poverty. Science 344, 862–867 (2014). PubMed

Lerner JS, Li Y, Valdesolo P & Kassam KS Emotion and decision making. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 66, 799–823 (2015). PubMed

Bonanno GA Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am. Psychol. 59, 20–28 (2004). PubMed

Fletcher D & Sarkar M Psychological resilience. Eur. Psychol. 18, 12–23 (2013).

Southwick SM & Charney DS The science of resilience: implications for the prevention and treatment of depression. Science 338, 79–82 (2012). PubMed

McRae K & Gross JJ Emotion regulation. Emotion 20, 1–9 (2020). PubMed

Kalisch R, Müller MB & Tuescher O A conceptual framework for the neurobiological study of resilience. Behav. Brain Sci. 38, e92 (2014). PubMed

McRae K & Mauss IB Increasing Positive Emotion in Negative Contexts: Emotional Consequences, Neural Correlates, and Implications for Resilience. Positive Neuroscience (Oxford Univ. Press, 2016).

Tugade MM & Fredrickson BL Regulation of positive emotions: emotion regulation strategies that promote resilience. J. Happiness Stud. 8, 311–333 (2007).

Webb TL, Miles E & Sheeran P Dealing with feeling: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychol. Bull 138, 775–808 (2012). PubMed

Denny BT & Ochsner KN Behavioral effects of longitudinal training in cognitive reappraisal. Emotion 14, 425–433 (2014). PubMed PMC

Gross JJ Antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation: divergent consequences for experience, expression, and physiology. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 74, 224–237 (1998). PubMed

Jackson DC, Malmstadt JR, Larson CL & Davidson RJ Suppression and enhancement of emotional responses to unpleasant pictures. Psychophysiology 37, 515–522 (2000). PubMed

Denson TF, Grisham JR & Moulds ML Cognitive reappraisal increases heart rate variability in response to an anger provocation. Motiv. Emot. 35, 14–22 (2011).

Dillon DG & LaBar KS Startle modulation during conscious emotion regulation is arousal-dependent. Behav. Neurosci. 119, 1118–1124 (2005). PubMed

Ray RD, McRae K, Ochsner KN & Gross JJ Cognitive reappraisal of negative affect: converging evidence from EMG and self-report. Emotion 10, 587–592 (2010). PubMed PMC

Chang LJ, Gianaros PJ, Manuck SB, Krishnan A & Wager TD A sensitive and specific neural signature for picture-induced negative affect. PLoS Biol. 13, e1002180 (2015). PubMed PMC

Dörfel D et al. Common and differential neural networks of emotion regulation by detachment, reinterpretation, distraction, and expressive suppression: a comparative fMRI investigation. NeuroImage 101, 298–309 (2014). PubMed

Hajcak G & Nieuwenhuis S Reappraisal modulates the electrocortical response to unpleasant pictures. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 6, 291–297 (2006). PubMed

Kalisch R et al. Anxiety reduction through detachment: subjective, physiological, and neural effects. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 17, 874–883 (2005). PubMed

Lohani M & Isaacowitz DM Age differences in managing response to sadness elicitors using attentional deployment, positive reappraisal and suppression. Cogn. Emot. 28, 678–697 (2014). PubMed PMC

Ochsner KN, Bunge SA, Gross JJ & Gabrieli JDE Rethinking feelings: an fmri study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 1215–1229 (2002). PubMed

Schaefer SM et al. Modulation of amygdalar activity by the conscious regulation of negative emotion. J. Cogn. Neurosci. 14, 913–921 (2002). PubMed

Shahane AD, Lopez RB & Denny BT Implicit reappraisal as an emotional buffer: reappraisal-related neural activity moderates the relationship between inattention and perceived stress during exposure to negative stimuli. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 19, 355–365 (2019). PubMed

English T, John OP, Srivastava S & Gross JJ Emotion regulation and peer-rated social functioning: a 4-year longitudinal study. J. Res. Personal. 46, 780–784 (2012). PubMed PMC

Davis EL & Levine LJ Emotion regulation strategies that promote learning: reappraisal enhances children’s memory for educational information. Child Dev. 84, 361–374 (2013). PubMed

Ivcevic Z & Brackett M Predicting school success: comparing conscientiousness, grit, and emotion regulation ability. J. Res. Personal. 52, 29–36 (2014).

Gross JJ & John OP Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 85, 348–362 (2003). PubMed

Aldao A, Nolen-Hoeksema S & Schweizer S Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: a meta-analytic review. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 30, 217–237 (2010). PubMed

Cludius B, Mennin D & Ehring T Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic process. Emotion 20, 37–42 (2020). PubMed

Appleton AA, Buka SL, Loucks EB, Gilman SE & Kubzansky LD Divergent associations of adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies with inflammation. Health Psychol. 32, 748–756 (2013). PubMed PMC

Appleton AA, Loucks EB, Buka SL & Kubzansky LD Divergent associations of antecedent- and response-focused emotion regulation strategies with midlife cardiovascular disease risk. Ann. Behav. Med. 48, 246–255 (2014). PubMed PMC

Veer IM et al. Psycho-social factors associated with mental resilience in the corona lockdown. Transl. Psychiatry 11, 67 (2021). PubMed PMC

Suri G, Whittaker K & Gross JJ Launching reappraisal: it’s less common than you might think. Emotion 15, 73–77 (2015). PubMed

Milyavsky M et al. To reappraise or not to reappraise? Emotion regulation choice and cognitive energetics. Emotion 19, 964–981 (2019). PubMed

Cohen N & Ochsner KN From surviving to thriving in the face of threats: the emerging science of emotion regulation training. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 24, 143–155 (2018). PubMed PMC

Denny BT Getting better over time: a framework for examining the impact of emotion regulation training. Emotion 20, 110–114 (2020). PubMed

Woud ML, Holmes EA, Postma P, Dalgleish T & Mackintosh B Ameliorating intrusive memories of distressing experiences using computerized reappraisal training. Emotion 12, 778–784 (2012). PubMed PMC

Goldin PR et al. Cognitive reappraisal self-efficacy mediates the effects of individual cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 80, 1034–1040 (2012). PubMed PMC

Kivity Y & Huppert JD Does cognitive reappraisal reduce anxiety? A daily diary study of a micro-intervention with individuals with high social anxiety. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 84, 269–283 (2016). PubMed

Denny BT, Inhoff MC, Zerubavel N, Davachi L & Ochsner KN Getting over it: long-lasting effects of emotion regulation on amygdala response. Psychol. Sci 26, 1377–1388 (2015). PubMed PMC

Tamir M, Halperin E, Porat R, Bigman YE & Hasson Y When there’s a will, there’s a way: disentangling the effects of goals and means in emotion regulation. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 116, 795–816 (2019). PubMed

Porat R, Halperin E & Tamir M What we want is what we get: group-based emotional preferences and conflict resolution. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol 110, 167–190 (2016). PubMed

Hurtado-Parrado C et al. Emotion regulation and attitudes toward conflict in Colombia: effects of reappraisal training on negative emotions and support for conciliatory and aggressive statements. Front. Psychol. 10, 908 (2019). PubMed PMC

Halperin E, Porat R, Tamir M & Gross JJ Can emotion regulation change political attitudes in intractable conflicts? From the laboratory to the field. Psychol. Sci 24, 106–111 (2012). PubMed

Moshontz H et al. The Psychological Science Accelerator: advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci. 1, 501–515 (2018). PubMed PMC

Uusberg A, Taxer JL, Yih J, Uusberg H & Gross JJ Reappraising reappraisal. Emot. Rev. 11, 267–282 (2019).

Frattaroli J Experimental disclosure and its moderators: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 132, 823–865 (2006). PubMed

Pennebaker JW & Smyth JM Opening Up by Writing It Down: How Expressive Writing Improves Health and Eases Emotional Pain 3rd edn (Guilford Publications, 2016).

Kreibig SD & Gross JJ Understanding mixed emotions: paradigms and measures. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 15, 62–71 (2017). PubMed PMC

Larsen JT & McGraw AP Further evidence for mixed emotions. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 100, 1095–1110 (2011). PubMed

Helgeson VS, Reynolds KA & Tomich PL A meta-analytic review of benefit finding and growth. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 74, 797–816 (2006). PubMed

Shiota MN Silver linings and candles in the dark: differences among positive coping strategies in predicting subjective well-being. Emotion 6, 335–339 (2006). PubMed

Kok G, Peters G-JY, Kessels LTE, ten Hoor GA & Ruiter RAC Ignoring theory and misinterpreting evidence: the false belief in fear appeals. Health Psychol. Rev. 12, 111–125 (2018). PubMed

Fredrickson BL & Joiner T Reflections on positive emotions and upward spirals. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 13, 194–199 (2018). PubMed PMC

Pressman SD, Jenkins BN & Moskowitz JT Positive affect and health: what do we know and where next should we go? Annu. Rev. Psychol. 70, 627–650 (2019). PubMed

Ogedegbe GO et al. A randomized controlled trial of positive-affect intervention and medication adherence in hypertensive African Americans. Arch. Intern. Med. 172, 322–326 (2012). PubMed PMC

Bigman YE, Mauss IB, Gross JJ & Tamir M Yes I can: expected success promotes actual success in emotion regulation. Cogn. Emot 30, 1380–1387 (2016). PubMed

Hittner EF, Rim KL & Haase CM Socioeconomic status as a moderator of the link between reappraisal and anxiety: laboratory-based and longitudinal evidence. Emotion 19, 1478–1489 (2019). PubMed PMC

Troy AS, Ford BQ, McRae K, Zarolia P & Mauss I Change the things you can: emotion regulation is more beneficial for people from lower than from higher socioeconomic status. Emotion 17, 141–154 (2017). PubMed PMC

Miyamoto Y, Ma X & Petermann AG Cultural differences in hedonic emotion regulation after a negative event. Emotion 14, 804–815 (2014). PubMed

Hofstede G, Hofstede GJ & Minkov M Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind 3rd edn, (McGraw-Hill, New York, 2010).

Nakagawa S & Schielzeth H A general and simple method for obtaining R2 from generalized linear mixed-effects models. Methods Ecol. Evol. 4, 133–142 (2013).

Eid M & Diener E Norms for experiencing emotions in different cultures: inter- and intranational differences. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 81, 869–885 (2001). PubMed

Ferrer R, Klein W, Lerner JS, Reyna VF & Keltner D in Behavioral Economics and Public Health (eds Roberto C & Kawachi I) (Harvard Univ. Press, 2016).

Smith AM et al. Coping with health threats: the costs and benefits of managing emotions. Psychol. Sci. 10.1177/09567976211024260 (2021). PubMed DOI PMC

Pfattheicher S, Nockur L, Böhm R, Sassenrath C & Petersen MB The emotional path to action: empathy promotes physical distancing and wearing of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol. Sci. 31, 1363–1373 (2020). PubMed

Jørgensen F, Bor A & Petersen MB Compliance without fear: individual-level protective behaviour during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Br. J. Health Psychol 26, 679–696 (2021). PubMed PMC

Jordan J, Yoeli E & Rand D Don’t get it or don’t spread it? Comparing self-interested versus prosocial motivations for COVID-19 prevention behaviors. Preprint at PsyArXiv 10.31234/osf.io/yuq7x (2020). PubMed DOI PMC

Willroth EC et al. A test of resilience theory in the context of a global crisis. Preprint at PsyArXiv 10.31234/osf.io/g3jr7 (2021). DOI

Madison AA, Shrout MR, Renna ME & Kiecolt-Glaser JK Psychological and behavioral predictors of vaccine efficacy: considerations for COVID-19. Perspect. Psychol. Sci 16, 191–203 (2021). PubMed PMC

Ferrer RA et al. The role of incidental affective states in appetitive risk behavior: a meta-analysis. Health Psychol. 39, 1109–1124 (2020). PubMed PMC

Kemp E, Cowart K & Bui M Promoting consumer well-being: examining emotion regulation strategies in social advertising messages. J. Bus. Res. 112, 200–209 (2020).

Porat R, Erel L, Pnueli V & Halperin E Developing ReApp: an emotion regulation mobile intervention for intergroup conflict. Cogn. Emot 34, 1326–1342 (2020). PubMed

Keltner D & Lerner JS in Handbook of Social Psychology (eds Fiske ST et al.) (John Wiley & Sons, 2010).

Henrich J, Heine SJ & Norenzayan A The weirdest people in the world. Behav. Brain Sci. 33, 61–83 (2010). PubMed

Glasgow RE, Vogt TM & Boles SM Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: the RE-AIM framework. Am. J. Public Health 89, 1322–1327 (1999). PubMed PMC

Premachandra B & Lewis NAJ Do we report the information that is necessary to give psychology away? A scoping review of the psychological intervention literature 2000–2018. Perspect. Psychol. Sci 10.1177/1745691620974774 (2021). PubMed DOI

Goldin PR & Gross JJ Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion 10, 83–91 (2010). PubMed PMC

Fredrickson BL in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 47 (eds. Devine P & Plant A) 1–53 (Academic Press, 2013).

Hughes ME, Waite LJ, Hawkley LC & Cacioppo JT A short scale for measuring loneliness in large surveys: results from two population-based studies. Res. Aging 26, 655–672 (2016). PubMed PMC

Lytle MC, Blosnich JR, Luca SMD & Brownson C Association of religiosity with sexual minority suicide ideation and attempt. Am. J. Prev. Med. 54, 644–651 (2018). PubMed PMC

Ajzen I & Madden TJ Prediction of goal-directed behavior: attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 22, 453–474 (1986).

Webb TL & Sheeran P Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychol. Bull 132, 249–268 (2006). PubMed

Fishbein M & Ajzen I Predicting and Changing Behavior: The Reasoned Action Approach (Psychology Press, 2011).

Thompson RR, Jones NM, Holman EA & Silver RC Media exposure to mass violence events can fuel a cycle of distress. Sci. Adv 5, eaav3502 (2019). PubMed PMC

Dienes Z Using Bayes to get the most out of non-significant results. Front. Psychol 5, 781 (2014). PubMed PMC

Morey RD & Rouder JN Baysefactor: computation of Bayes Factors for common designs. R package version 0.9.12–4.2 https://cran.r-project.org/package=BayesFactor (2018).

Dienes Z How do I know what my theory predicts? Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci 4, 364–377 (2019).

Bürkner P-C brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. J. Stat. Softw. 80, 1–28 (2017).

Makowski D, Ben-Shachar M & Lüdecke D bayestestR: describing effects and their uncertainty, existence and significance within the Bayesian framework. J. Open Source Softw. 4, 1541 (2019).

Gronau QF, Singmann H & Wagenmakers E-J bridgesampling: an R package for estimating normalizing constants. J. Stat. Softw. 92, 1–29 (2020).

Vishkin A, Hasson Y, Millgram Y & Tamir M One size does not fit all: tailoring cognitive reappraisal to different emotions. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull 46, 469–484 (2019). PubMed

Anvari F & Lakens D Using anchor-based methods to determine the smallest effect size of interest. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 96, 104159 (2021).

Kvarven A, Strømland E & Johannesson M Comparing meta-analyses and preregistered multiple-laboratory replication projects. Nat. Hum. Behav. 4, 423–434 (2020). PubMed

Shiota MN & Levenson RW Turn down the volume or change the channel? Emotional effects of detached versus positive reappraisal. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 103, 416–429 (2012). PubMed PMC

Fetzer T et al. Global behaviors and perceptions in the COVID-19 pandemic. Preprint at SSRN; https://ssrn.com/abstract=3594262 (2020).

Klein RA et al. Many Labs 2: investigating variation in replicability across samples and settings. Adv. Methods Pract. Psychol. Sci. 1, 443–490 (2018).

Ellsworth PC & Scherer KR in Handbook of affective sciences 572–595 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2003).

Green P & MacLeod CJ SIMR: an R package for power analysis of generalized linear mixed models by simulation. Methods Ecol. Evol 7, 493–498 (2016).

Pordes R et al. The open science grid. J. Phys. Conf. Ser 78, 012057 (2007).

Sfligoi I et al. The pilot way to grid resources using glideinWMS. In 2009 WRI World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering (eds Burgin M et al.) 428–432 (IEEE, 2009).

Jeffreys H Theory of Probability (Oxford Univ. Press, 1961).

Brauer M & Curtin JJ Linear mixed-effects models and the analysis of nonindependent data: a unified framework to analyze categorical and continuous independent variables that vary within-subjects and/or within-items. Psychol. Methods 23, 389–411 (2018). PubMed

Trust in government moderates the association between fear of COVID-19 as well as empathic concern and preventive behaviour

The Psychological Science Accelerator's COVID-19 rapid-response dataset

In COVID-19 Health Messaging, Loss Framing Increases Anxiety with Little-to-No Concomitant Benefits: Experimental Evidence from 84 Countries

Slovak parents' mental health and socioeconomic changes during the COVID-19 pandemic