In the past few decades, the relevance of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens, causing cardiopulmonary and subcutaneous dirofilariosis in dogs and cats, and of Angiostrongylus vasorum, causing canine angiostrongylosis, has steadily increased in Central and Northern Europe. In this review, a summary of published articles and additional reports dealing with imported or autochthonous cases of these parasites is provided for Central (Austria, Czechia, Germany, Hungary, Luxemburg, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland) and Northern (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) Europe. Research efforts focusing on Dirofilaria spp. and A. vasorum have varied by country, and cross-border studies are few. The housing conditions of dogs, pet movements, the spread of competent vectors, and climate change are important factors in the spread of these nematodes. Dogs kept outside overnight are a major factor for the establishment of Dirofilaria spp. However, the establishment of invasive, diurnal, synanthropic, competent mosquito vectors such as Aedes albopictus may also influence the establishment of Dirofilaria spp. The drivers of the spread of A. vasorum remain not fully understood, but it seems to be influenced by habitats shared with wild canids, dog relocation, and possibly climatic changes; its pattern of spreading appears to be similar in different countries. Both Dirofilaria spp. and A. vasorum merit further monitoring and research focus in Europe.

Biology Center Institute of Parasitology Czech Academy of Sciences 37005 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

Centre for Diagnostic Department of Health Technology Technical University of Denmark 2800 Kongens Lyngby Denmark

Centre for Infection Medicine Institute for Parasitology University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover 30559 Hannover Germany

Clinical Unit of Internal Medicine Small Animals Department Universitätsklinik für Kleintiere und Pferde University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Veterinärplatz 1 1210 Vienna Austria

Department of Bacteria Parasites and Fungi Infectious Disease Preparedness Statens Serum Institut Artillerivej 5 DK 2300 Copenhagen S Denmark

Department of Botany and Zoology Faculty of Science Masaryk University 61137 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Eco Epidemiology of Parasitic Diseases Institute of Developmental Biology and Biomedical Sciences Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Miecznikowa 1 02 096 Warsaw Poland

Department of Microbiology National Veterinary Institute 756 51 Uppsala Sweden

Department of Parasitology and Zoology University of Veterinary Medicine 1078 Budapest Hungary

Department of Pathobiology Institute of Parasitology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna Veterinärplatz 1 1210 Vienna Austria

Department of Veterinary Sciences Faculty of Agrobiology Food and Natural Resources CINeZ Czech University of Life Sciences Prague 16500 Praha Suchdol Czech Republic

Department of Zoology Musée National d'Historire Naturelle 25 Rue Münster 2160 Luxembourg Luxembourg

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Teramo 64100 Teramo Italy

Institute for Experimental Pathology at Keldur University of Iceland Keldnavegur 3 112 Reykjavik Iceland

Institute of Food Safety Feed and Environment Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana Gerbičeva 60 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia

Institute of Microbiology and Parasitology Veterinary Faculty University of Ljubljana Gerbičeva 60 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia

Institute of Parasitology Slovak Academy of Sciences Hlinkova 3 040 01 Košice Slovakia

Institute of Parasitology Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich 8057 Zürich Switzerland

Section for Parasitology Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences 750 07 Uppsala Sweden

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