BACKGROUND: A cross-sectional study was performed to examine life satisfaction differences between university students from nine countries during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-national comparison of the association between life satisfaction and a set of variables was also conducted. METHODS: Participants in the study were 2349 university students with a mean age of 23 years (M = 23.15, SD = 4.66). There was a predominance of women (69.26%) and individuals studying at the bachelor level (78%). The research was conducted between May and July 2020 in nine countries: Slovenia (n=209), the Czech Republic (Czechia)(n=308), Germany (n=267), Poland (n=301), Ukraine (n=310), Russia (n=285), Turkey (n=310), Israel (n=199), and Colombia (n=153). Participants completed an online survey involving measures of satisfaction with life (SWLS), exposure to COVID-19, perceived negative impact of coronavirus (PNIC) on students' well-being, general self-reported health (GSRH), physical activity (PA), and some demographics (gender, place of residence, level of study). A one-way ANOVA was used to explore cross-national differences in life satisfaction. The χ2 independence test was performed separately in each country to examine associations between life satisfaction and other variables. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to identify life satisfaction predictors among a set of demographic and health-related variables in each of the nine countries. RESULTS: The level of life satisfaction varied between university students from the nine countries. The results for life satisfaction and the other variables differed between countries. Numerous associations were noted between satisfaction with life and several variables, and these showed cross-national differences. Distinct predictors of life satisfaction were observed for each country. However, poor self-rated physical health was a predictor of low life satisfaction independent of the country. CONCLUSIONS: The association between life satisfaction and subjective assessment of physical health seems to be universal, while the other variables are related to cross-cultural differences. Special public health attention should be focused on psychologically supporting people who do not feel healthy.

Bob Shapell School of Social Work Tel Aviv University 69978 Tel Aviv Israel

Department of Psychology University of Bamberg 96047 Bamberg Germany

Department of Regional and Business Economics Mendel University in Brno 613 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Special Education University of Haifa 3498838 Haifa Israel

Department of Theory and Methods of Physical Culture Lviv State University of Physical Culture Lviv 79007 Ukraine

Faculty of Business and Management Brno University of Technology 612 00 Brno Czech Republic

Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Ataturk University 25240 Erzurum Turkey

Faculty of Economics Maria Curie Sklodowska University in Lublin 20 031 Lublin Poland

Faculty of Management University of Primorska 6101 Koper Slovenia

Faculty of Medicine University of Technology 40 555 Katowice Poland

Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy Opole University of Technology 45 758 Opole Poland

Health Management Department Bingöl University 12000 Bingöl Turkey

Institute of Industrial Management Economics and Trade Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University St Petersburg 195251 Russia

Institute of Psychology University of Opole 45 052 Opole Poland

School of Management Universidad del Rosario Bogotá PC 111711 Colombia

St Petersburg School of Economics and Management HSE University 194100 St Petersburg Russia

The Center for Compassionate Mindful Education 69106 Tel Aviv Israel

See more in PubMed

Diener E, Emmons RA, Larsen RJ, Griffin S. The Satisfaction with Life Scale. J Pers Assess. 1985;49:71–75. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13. PubMed DOI

Diener E. New findings and future directions for subjective well-being research. Am Psychol. 2012;67(8):590–597. doi: 10.1037/a0029541. PubMed DOI

López-Ortega M, Torres-Castro S, Rosas-Carrasco O. Psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS): secondary analysis of the Mexican Health and Aging Study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2016;14(1):170. doi: 10.1186/s12955-016-0573-9. PubMed DOI PMC

Beutel ME, Glaesmer H, Wiltink J, Marian H, Brähler E. Life satisfaction, anxiety, depression and resilience across the life span of men. Aging Male. 2010;13(1):32–39. doi: 10.3109/13685530903296698. PubMed DOI

Böckerman P, Johansson E, Saarni SI. Do established health-related quality-of-life measures adequately capture the impact of chronic conditions on subjective well-being? Health Policy. 2011;100(1):91–95. doi: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.10.008. PubMed DOI

Emanuel F, Molino M, Lo Presti A, Spagnoli P, Ghislieri C. A crossover study from a gender perspective: the relationship between job insecurity, job satisfaction, and partners' family life satisfaction. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1481. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01481. PubMed DOI PMC

Gigantesco A, Fagnani C, Toccaceli V, Stazi MA, Lucidi F, Violani C, Picardi A. The relationship between satisfaction with life and depression symptoms by gender. Front Psychiatry. 2019;10:419. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00419. PubMed DOI PMC

Kong F, Ding K, Zhao J. The relationships among gratitude, self-esteem, social support and life satisfaction among undergraduate students. J Happiness Stud. 2015;16(2):477–489. doi: 10.1007/s10902-014-9519-2. DOI

Lee J, Kim E, Wachholtz A. The effect of perceived stress on life satisfaction: The mediating effect of self-efficacy. Chongsonyonhak Yongu. 2016;23(10):29–47. PubMed PMC

Martínez-Martí ML, Ruch W. Character strengths predict resilience over and above positive affect, self-efficacy, optimism, social support, self-esteem, and life satisfaction. J Posit Psychol. 2017;12(2):110–119. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1163403. DOI

Praharso NF, Tear MJ, Cruwys T. Stressful life transitions and well-being: A comparison of the stress-buffering hypothesis and the social identity model of identity change. Psychiatry Res. 2017;247:265–275. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.11.039. PubMed DOI

Richter EP, Brähler E, Stöbel-Richter Y, Zenger M, Berth H. The long-lasting impact of unemployment on life satisfaction: results of a longitudinal study over 20 years in East Germany. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2020;18(1):361. doi: 10.1186/s12955-020-01608-5. PubMed DOI PMC

Shen J, Kogan I. Job loss or income loss: How the detrimental effect of unemployment on men's life satisfaction differs by immigration status. Front Sociol. 2020;5:10. doi: 10.3389/fsoc.2020.00010. PubMed DOI PMC

Sugiura Y, Sugiura T. Mindfulness as a Moderator in the Relation Between Income and Psychological Well-Being. Front Psychol. 2018;9:1477. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01477. PubMed DOI PMC

Unanue W, Gómez ME, Cortez D, Oyanedel JC, Mendiburo-Seguel A. Revisiting the link between job satisfaction and life satisfaction: The role of basic psychological needs. Front Psychol. 2017;8:680. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00680. PubMed DOI PMC

Yang C, Xia M, Han M, Liang Y. Social support and resilience as mediators between stress and life satisfaction among people with substance use disorder in China. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:436. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00436. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhou M, Lin W. Adaptability and life satisfaction: The moderating role of social support. Front Psychol. 2016;7:1134. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01134. PubMed DOI PMC

Baloch S, Baloch MA, Zheng T, Pei X. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2020;250(4):271–278. doi: 10.1620/tjem.250.271. PubMed DOI

Kakodkar P, Kaka N, Baig MN. A comprehensive literature review on the clinical presentation, and management of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Cureus. 2020;12(4):e7560. doi: 10.7759/cureus.7560. PubMed DOI PMC

Almarzooq ZI, Lopes M, Kochar A. Virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: A disruptive technology in graduate medical education. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(20):2635–2638. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.015. PubMed DOI PMC

Chaturvedi K, Vishwakarma DK, Singh N. COVID-19 and its impact on education, social life and mental health of students: A survey. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2021;121:105866. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105866. PubMed DOI PMC

García-González MA, Torrano F, García-González G. Analysis of stress factors for female professors at online universities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2958. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17082958. PubMed DOI PMC

Gautam R, Sharma M. 2019-nCoV pandemic: A disruptive and stressful atmosphere for Indian academic fraternity. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:948–949. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.025. PubMed DOI PMC

Amir LR, Tanti I, Maharani DA, Wimardhani YS, Julia V, Sulijaya B, Puspitawati R. Student perspective of classroom and distance learning during COVID-19 pandemic in the undergraduate dental study program Universitas Indonesia. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):392. doi: 10.1186/s12909-020-02312-0. PubMed DOI PMC

Brooks SK, Webster RK, Smith LE, Woodland L, Wessely S, Greenberg N, Rubin GJ. The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: A rapid review of the evidence. Lancet. 2020;395:912–920. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8. PubMed DOI PMC

Ballester-Arnal R, Nebot-Garcia JE, Ruiz-Palomino E, Giménez-García C, Gil-Llario MD. "INSIDE" Project on sexual health in Spain: Sexual life during the lockdown caused by COVID-19. Sex Res Social Policy. 2020;16:1–19. doi: 10.1007/s13178-020-00506-1. PubMed DOI PMC

Hille Z, Oezdemir U, Beier K, Hatzler L. The disruptive impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sexual behavior of a German-speaking population. Sexologies. 2021;789. 10.1016/j.sexol.2020.12.010.

Ibarra FP, Mehrad M, Di Mauro M, Godoy MFP, Cruz EG, Nilforoushzadeh MA, Russo GI. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sexual behavior of the population. The vision of the east and the west. Int Braz J Urol. 2020;46(suppl.1):104–112. doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2020.S116. PubMed DOI PMC

Ahmed Z, Ahmed O, Aibao Z, Hanbin S, Siyu L, Ahmad A. Epidemic of COVID -19 in China and associated psychological problems. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;51:102092. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102092. PubMed DOI PMC

Dagnino P, Anguita V, Escobar K, Cifuentes S. Psychological Effects of Social Isolation Due to Quarantine in Chile: An Exploratory Study. Front. Psychiatry. 2020;11:591142. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591142. PubMed DOI PMC

Gawrych M, Cichoń E, Kiejna A. COVID-19 pandemic fear, life satisfaction and mental health at the initial stage of the pandemic in the largest cities in Poland. Psychol Health Med. 2021;26(1):107–113. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2020.1861314. PubMed DOI

Huang Y, Zhao N. Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Res. 2020;288:112954. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954. PubMed DOI PMC

Li S, Wang Y, Xue J, Zhao N, Zhu T. The Impact of COVID-19 Epidemic Declaration on Psychological Consequences: A Study on Active Weibo Users. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):2032. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17062032. PubMed DOI PMC

Lipskaya-Velikovsky L. COVID-19 Isolation in healthy population in Israel: Challenges in daily life, mental health, resilience, and quality of life. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:999. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18030999. PubMed DOI PMC

Marotta L, Pesce A, Guazzini A. Before and after the quarantine: An approximate study on the psychological impact of COVID-19 on the Italian population during the lockdown period. Future Internet. 2020;12(12):229. doi: 10.3390/fi12120229. DOI

Rajkumar RP. Covid-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature. Asian J Psychiatr. 2020;52:102066. doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102066. PubMed DOI PMC

Ruggieri S, Ingoglia S, Bonfanti RC, Lo CG. The role of online social comparison as a protective factor for psychological well-being: A longitudinal study during the COVID-19 quarantine. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;171:110486. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110486. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang X, Lei SM, Le S, Yang Y, Zhang B, Yao W, Gao Z, Cheng S. Bidirectional influence of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns on health behaviors and quality of life among Chinese adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(15):5575. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155575. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang Y, Zhang H, Ma X, Di Q. Mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemics and the mitigation effects of exercise: A longitudinal study of college students in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:3722. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17103722. PubMed DOI PMC

Bambra C, Albani V, Franklin P. COVID-19 and the gender health paradox. Scand J Public Health. 2021;49(1):17–26. doi: 10.1177/1403494820975604. PubMed DOI PMC

Qiu J, Shen B, Zhao M, Wang Z, Xie B, Xu Y. A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. Gen. Psychiatr. 2020;33:e100213. doi:10.1136/ gpsych-2020-100213. PubMed PMC

Aslan I, Ochnik D, Çınar O. Exploring perceived stress among students in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:8961. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238961. PubMed PMC

Rogowska AM, Pavlova I, Kuśnierz C, Ochnik D, Bodnar I, Petrytsa P. Does physical activity matter for the mental health of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic? J Clin Med. 2020;9:3494. doi:10.3390/jcm9113494. PubMed PMC

Rogowska A, Kuśnierz C, Bokszczanin A. Examining anxiety, life satisfaction, general health, stress and coping styles during COVID-19 pandemic in Polish sample of university students. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2020;13:797–811. doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S266511. PubMed DOI PMC

Sallam M, Dababseh D, Yaseen A, Al-Haidar A, Ababneh NA, Bakri FG, Mahafzah A. Conspiracy beliefs are associated with lower knowledge and higher anxiety levels regarding COVID-19 among students at the university of Jordan. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:4915. doi:10.3390/ijerph17144915. PubMed PMC

Solomou I, Constantinidou F. Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and compliance with precautionary measures: Age and sex matter. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:4924. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17144924. PubMed DOI PMC

Stanton R, To QG. Khalesi S, Williams SL, Alley SJ, Thwaite TL, Fenning AS, Vandelanotte C. Depression, anxiety and stress during COVID-19: Associations with changes in physical activity, sleep, tobacco and alcohol use in Australian adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:4065. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17114065. PubMed DOI PMC

Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, Ho RC. Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(5):1729. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729. PubMed DOI PMC

Lesser IA, Nienhuis CP. The Impact of COVID-19 on Physical Activity Behavior and Well-Being of Canadians. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3899. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113899. PubMed DOI PMC

Qi M, Li P, Moyle W, Weeks B, Jones C. Physical activity, health-related quality of life, and stress among the chinese adult population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6494. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17186494. PubMed DOI PMC

Şimşek E, Koç K, Özsoy D, Karakuş M. Investigation the effect of performing physical activity at home on sleep quality and life satisfaction during coronavirus (Covid-19) outbreak. Int J Appl Exerc Physiol. 2020;9(7):55–62. doi:10.26655/IJAEP.2020.7.1.

Eek F, Larsson C, Wisén A, Ekvall HE. Self-perceived changes in physical activity and the relation to life satisfaction and rated physical capacity in Swedish adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—A cross sectional study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:671. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18020671. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhang SX, Sun S, Afshar Jahanshahi A, Wang Y, Nazarian Madavani A, Li J, Mokhtari DM. Beyond predicting the number of infections: Predicting who is likely to be COVID negative or positive. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2020;13:2811–2818. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S273755. PubMed DOI PMC

Gonzalez-Bernal JJ, Rodríguez-Fernández P, Santamaría-Peláez M, González-Santos J, León-del-Barco B, Minguez LA, Soto-Cámara R. Life satisfaction during forced social distancing and home confinement derived from the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:1474. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18041474. PubMed DOI PMC

Liu T, Zeng X, Chen M, Lan T. The harder you work, the higher your satisfaction with life? The influence of police work engagement on life satisfaction: A moderated mediation model. Front Psychol. 2019;10:826. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00826. PubMed DOI PMC

Liu X, Ping S, Gao W. Changes in undergraduate students' psychological well-being as they experience university life. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(16):2864. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16162864. PubMed DOI PMC

Cao W, Fang Z, Hou G, Han M, Xu X, Dong J, Zheng J. The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287:112934. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934. PubMed DOI PMC

Feng Y, Zong M, Yang Z, Gu W, Dong D, Qiao Z. When altruists cannot help: the influence of altruism on the mental health of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Global Health. 2020;16:61. doi:10.1186/s12992-020-00587-y. PubMed PMC

Nguyen HT, Do BN, Pham KM, Kim GB, Dam HTB, Nguyen TT, et al. Fear of COVID-19 Scale—Associations of its scores with health literacy and health-related behaviors among medical students. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:4164. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17114164. PubMed DOI PMC

Ryu S, Ali ST, Lim J-S, Chun BC. Estimation of the excess COVID-19 cases in Seoul. South Korea by the students arriving from China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:3113. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17093113. PubMed DOI PMC

Savitsky B, Findling Y, Ereli A, Hendel T. Anxiety and coping strategies among nursing students during the covid-19 pandemic. Nurse Educ Pract. 2020;46:102809. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102809. PubMed DOI PMC

Taghrir MH, Borazjani R, Shiraly R. COVID-19 and Iranian medical students: A survey on their related-knowledge, preventive behaviors and risk perception. Arch. Iran. Med. 2020;23:249–254. PubMed

Tomaszek K, Muchacka-Cymerman A. Thinking about my existence during COVID-19, I feel anxiety and awe-The mediating role of existential anxiety and life satisfaction on the relationship between PTSD symptoms and Post-Traumatic Growth. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(19):7062. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17197062. PubMed DOI PMC

Helliwell JF, Huang H, Wang S, Norton M. World Happiness, Trust and Deaths under COVID-19. World Happiness Report 2021. 2021: 13-57. https://happiness-report.s3.amazonaws.com/2021/WHR+21_Ch2.pdf Accessed 6 June 2021.

Ibrahim AK, Kelly SJ, Adams CE, Glazebrook C. A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. J Psychiatr Res. 2013;47:391–400. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.11.015. PubMed DOI

Lim GY, Tam WW, Lu Y, Ho CS, Zhang MW, Ho RC. Prevalence of Depression in the Community from 30 Countries between 1994 and 2014. Sci Rep. 2018;8:2861. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-21243-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine. 2000;25(24):3186–3191. doi: 10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014. PubMed DOI

Wild D, Eremenco S, Mear I, Martin M, Houchin C, Gawlicki M, et al. Multinational trials-recommendations on the translations required, approaches to using the same language in different countries, and the approaches to support pooling the data: The ISPOR Patient-Reported Outcomes Translation and Linguistic Validation Good Research Practices Task Force report. Value Health. 2009;12(4):430–440. doi: 10.1111/j.1524-4733.2008.00471.x. PubMed DOI

Rogowska AM, Kuśnierz C, Ochnik D, Schütz A, Kafetsios KP, Aslan I. et al. Wellbeing of undergraduates during the COVID-19 pandemic: International study. doi:10.17605/OSF.IO/Q5F4E.

DeSalvo KB, Fan VS, McDonell MB, Fihn SD. Predicting mortality and healthcare utilization with a single question. Health Serv Res. 2005;40(4):1234–1246. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2005.00404.x. PubMed DOI PMC

DeSalvo KB, Fisher WP, Tran K, Bloser N, Merrill W, Peabody J. Assessing measurement properties of two single-item general health measures. Qual Life Res. 2006;15(2):191–201. doi: 10.1007/s11136-005-0887-2. PubMed DOI

WHO, 2020; Be active during COVID-19. World Health Organization. Available online: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/be-active-during-covid-19. Accessed 5 June 2020.

Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Methods. 2007;39(2):175–191. doi: 10.3758/bf03193146. PubMed DOI

Statistica. DELL Statistica (Version, 13.1) [Software for Windows].Kraków 2019; Polska: StatSoft Polska Sp.z o.o.

TUİK. Consumer Price Index. 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/ Accessed 08 March 2021.

TUİK. Labor Statistics. 2020. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/ Accessed 08 March 2021.

Guo J, Feng XL, Wang XH, van Jzendoorn MH. Coping with COVID-19: Exposure to COVID-19 and negative impact on livelihood predict elevated mental health problems in Chinese adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(11):3857. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17113857. PubMed DOI PMC

Benke C, Autenrieth LK, Asselmann E, Pané-Farré CA. Lockdown, quarantine measures, and social distancing: Associations with depression, anxiety and distress at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic among adults from Germany. Psychiatry Res. 2020;293:113462. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113462. PubMed DOI PMC

Hamermesh DS. Life satisfaction, loneliness and togetherness, with an application to COVID-19 lock-downs. Rev Econ Household. 2020;8:983–1000. doi: 10.1007/s11150-020-09495-x. PubMed DOI PMC

Baños R, Baena-Extremera A, Ortiz-Camacho M. Prediction of the satisfaction with the student life, based on teaching competence and satisfaction with the school. Front Psychol. 2019;10:2506. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02506. PubMed DOI PMC

Zheng L, Miao M, Gan Y. Perceived control buffers the effects of the covid-19 pandemic on general health and life satisfaction: The mediating role of psychological distance. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2020;12(4):1095–1114. doi: 10.1111/aphw.12232. PubMed DOI PMC

Chilicka K, Rogowska AM, Szyguła R, Adamczyk E. Association between Satisfaction with Life and Personality Types A and D in Young Women with Acne Vulgaris. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:8524. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17228524. PubMed DOI PMC

Gana K, Bailly N, Saada Y, Joulain M, Trouillet R, Hervé C, Alaphilippe D. Relationship between life satisfaction and physical health in older adults: a longitudinal test of cross-lagged and simultaneous effects. Health Psychol. 2013;32(8):896–904. doi: 10.1037/a0031656. PubMed DOI

Rogowska AM, Zmaczyńska-Witek B, Mazurkiewicz M, Kardasz Z. The mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between health locus of control and life satisfaction: A moderator role of movement disability. Dis Health J. 2020;00923. 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.100923. PubMed

Mohamed AA, Alawna M. Role of increasing the aerobic capacity on improving the function of immune and respiratory systems in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19): A review. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2020;14(4):489–496. doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.038. PubMed DOI PMC

Ammar A, Brach M, Trabelsi K, Chtourou H, Boukhris O, Masmoudi L, et al. Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 International Online Survey. Nutrients. 2020;12:1583. doi: 10.3390/nu12061583. PubMed DOI PMC

López-Bueno R, Calatayud J, Andersen LL, Balsalobre-Fernández C, Casaña J, Casajús JA, et al. Immediate impact of the COVID-19 confinement on physical activity levels in Spanish adults. Sustainability. 2020;12:5708. doi: 10.3390/su12145708. DOI

Joshanloo M, Jovanović V. The relationship between gender and life satisfaction: Analysis across demographic groups and global regions. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2020;23:331–338. doi: 10.1007/s00737-019-00998-w. PubMed DOI

Paul R, Arif AA, Adeyemi O, Ghosh S, Han D. Progression of COVID-19 From Urban to Rural Areas in the United States: A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Prevalence Rates. J Rural Health. 2020;36(4):591–601. doi: 10.1111/jrh.12486. PubMed DOI PMC

Gori A, Topino E, Di Fabio A. The protective role of life satisfaction, coping strategies and defense mechanisms on perceived stress due to COVID-19 emergency: A chained mediation model. PloS One. 2020;15(11):e0242402. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242402. PubMed DOI PMC

Karataş Z, Tagay Ö. The relationships between resilience of the adults affected by the COVID pandemic in Turkey and COVID-19 fear, meaning in life, life satisfaction, intolerance of uncertainty and hope." Pers Ind Differ. 2021; doi:172:110592–110592. PubMed PMC

Morrison SA, Jurak G, Starc G. Responding to a global pandemic: Republic of Slovenia on maintaining physical activity during self-isolation. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020;30(8):1546–1548. doi: 10.1111/sms.13745. PubMed DOI PMC

Jurak G, Morrison SA, Kovač M, Leskošek B, Sember V, Strel J, et al. A COVID-19 Crisis in Child Physical Fitness: Creating a Barometric Tool of Public Health Engagement for the Republic of Slovenia. Front. Public Health. 2021;9. 10.3389/fpubh.2021.644235. PubMed PMC

Mailey EL, Wójcicki TR, Motl RW, Hu L, Strauser DR, Collins KD, McAuley E. Internet-delivered physical activity intervention for college students with mental health disorders: a randomized pilot trial. Psychol. Health Med. 2010;15:646–659. doi: 10.1080/13548506.2010.498894. PubMed DOI

Clemente-Suárez VJ. Multidisciplinary intervention in the treatment of mixed anxiety and depression disorder. Physiol Behav. 2020;112858. 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112858. PubMed

World Health Organization. WHO Guidelines on ethical issues in public health surveillance. 2017. https://apps.who.int/ Accessed 21 October 2021.

Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups

Network analysis of depressive and anxiety symptoms with well-being in students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a repeated cross-sectional study

Sleep quality and sleep routines as mediators of stressors and life satisfaction in Czech university students: a structural equation model