The Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) is a widely used self-report measure of subjective well-being, but studies of its measurement invariance across a large number of nations remain limited. Here, we utilised the Body Image in Nature (BINS) dataset-with data collected between 2020 and 2022 -to assess measurement invariance of the SWLS across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups (N = 56,968). All participants completed the SWLS under largely uniform conditions. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis indicated that configural and metric invariance was upheld across all nations, languages, gender identities, and age groups, suggesting that the unidimensional SWLS model has universal applicability. Full scalar invariance was achieved across gender identities and age groups. Based on alignment optimisation methods, partial scalar invariance was achieved across all but three national groups and across all languages represented in the BINS. There were large differences in latent SWLS means across nations and languages, but negligible-to-small differences across gender identities and age groups. Across nations, greater life satisfaction was significantly associated with greater financial security and being in a committed relationship or married. The results of this study suggest that the SWLS largely assesses a common unidimensional construct of life satisfaction irrespective of respondent characteristics (i.e., national group, gender identities, and age group) or survey presentation (i.e., survey language). This has important implications for the assessment of life satisfaction across nations and provides information that will be useful for practitioners aiming to promote subjective well-being internationally.

Applied Science Research Center Applied Science Private University Amman Jordan

Asian Studies Department Faculty of International Studies Prince of Songkla University Phuket Campus Phuket Thailand

Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit School of Medical Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian Malaysia

Body Image and Eating Disorders Research Group Federal University of Juiz de Fora Juiz de Fora Brazil

Central Department of Psychology Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal

Centre for Psychological Medicine Perdana University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

CentroSan Isidoro University Center Seville Spain

Colegio de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ Quito Ecuador

Colegio de Comunicación y Artes Contemporáneas Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ Quito Ecuador

Comenzar de Nuevo Treatment Center Monterrey México

Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences Chapman University Orange California United States of America

Cyberpsychology Laboratory Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology Université du Québec en Outaouais Saint Jérôme Canada

Department of Addiction School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Department of Art Studies Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran

Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova Padova Italy

Department of Business Administration Reykjavik University Reykjavik Iceland

Department of Clinical Psychology United Arab Emirates University Al Ain United Arab Emirates

Department of Cognitive Sciences Psychology Education and Cultural Studies University of Messina Messina Italy

Department of Consumer Behavior University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Department of Counseling School and Educational Psychology Graduate School of Education University at Buffalo SUNY Buffalo New York United States of America

Department of Counselling Psychology and Social Welfare Handong Global University Pohang South Korea

Department of Dermatology Venereology and Andrology Alexandria University Alexandria Egypt

Department of Education Languages Intercultures Literatures and Psychology University of Florence Florence Italy

Department of Education University of Almería Almería Spain

Department of Evolutionary Anthropology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Family and Community Medicine School of Community Medicine University of Oklahoma Tulsa Oklahoma United States of America

Department of General Education Disciplines Astana IT University Astana Kazakhstan

Department of General Psychology University of Padova Padova Italy

Department of General Studies The Polytechnic Ibadan Nigeria

Department of Health Physical Education and Recreation University of Cape Coast Cape Coast Ghana

Department of Health Sciences DePaul University Chicago Illinois United States of America

Department of Kinesiology and Health Science Utah State University Logan Utah United States of America

Department of Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Norwegian Business School Oslo Norway

Department of Management Ahmed Bin Mohammad Military College Doha Qatar

Department of Management University of Agder Kristiansand Norway

Department of Midwifery Faculty of Health Sciences Bartın University Bartın Türkiye

Department of Natural Sciences School of Arts and Sciences Lebanese American University Beirut Lebanon

Department of Nursing Faculty of Health Sciences Yalova University Yalova Türkiye

Department of Nutrition University of Ribeirão Preto Ribeirão Preto Brazil

Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences Vision College of Dentistry and Nursing Vision Colleges Riyadh Saudi Arabia

Department of Parks Recreation and Tourism Management Clemson University Clemson South Carolina United States of America

Department of Physical Education and Lifelong Sports Poznań University of Physical Education Poznań Poland

Department of Physical Education São Judas Tadeu University São Paulo Brazil

Department of Physiology Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute Puducherry India

Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany

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Department of Psychology Aberystwyth University Ceredigion United Kingdom

Department of Psychology Alexandru Ioan Cuza University Iași Romania

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Department of Psychology and Psychodynamics Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences Krems an der Donau Austria

Department of Psychology Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai Zhuhai China

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Department of Psychology Graduate School of Arts and Science New York University New York New York United States of America

Department of Psychology Islamic Azad University Bandar Gaz Iran

Department of Psychology Kashi Naresh Government Post Graduate College Gyanpur India

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Department of Psychology Neapolis University Pafos Paphos Cyprus

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Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy

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Department of Psychology The Ohio State University Ohio Columbus United States of America

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Department of Psychology Universitas Islam Indonesia Yogyakarta Indonesia

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Department of Psychology University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria

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Department of Sports Physical Education and Outdoor Studies University of South Eastern Norway Bø in Telemark Norway

Department of Textile and Fashion Design Alzahra University Tehran Iran

Department of Undergraduate Studies Temple University Japan Campus Tokyo Japan

Department of Work and Social Psychology Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands

Discipline of Marketing J E Cairnes School of Business and Economics University of Galway Galway Ireland

Division of Research Physical Education College of the Brazilian Army Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Doctoral School of Psychology Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

ÉCOBES Research and Transfer Cégep de Jonquière Québec Canada

Environment and Sustainability Research Initiative Khulna Bangladesh

Environmental Health Division Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv Medical University of Plovdiv Plovdiv Bulgaria

Environmental Science Discipline Life Science School Khulna University Khulna Bangladesh

Exercise and Sport Sciences Programme School of Health Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian Malaysia

Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam Muyuna Ecuador

Faculty of Arts Department of Psychology Charles University Prague Czechia

Faculty of Education Academic Unit of Human Communication Learning and Development The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong China

Faculty of Education Department of Educational Psychology and Guidance Mahasarakham University Maha Sarakham Thailand

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Health and Quality of Life in a Green and Sustainable Environment Research Group Strategic Research and Innovation Program Medical University of Plovdiv Plovdiv Bulgaria

Hertfordshire Business School University of Hertfordshire Hatfield United Kingdom

Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Human Flourishing Program Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts United States of America

Industrial and Systems Engineering University of North Carolina Charlotte North Carolina United States of America

INSPECT LB National Institute of Public Health Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology Beirut Lebanon

Institute of Anton Martin Slomsek Primary School Montessori Maribor Slovenia

Institute of Pedagogy University of Bielsko Biala Bielsko Biala Poland

Institute of Psychiatry University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil

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International Centre for Psychological Counselling and Social Research Puducherry India

KOSHISH National Mental Health Self Help Organization Kusunti Lalitpur Nepal

Lab of Light and Physio Psychological Health National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectrics South China Normal University Guangzhou China

Laboratory of Social Psychology Aix Marseille University Aix en Provence France

Life Science Research Centre Simón Bolívar University Barranquilla Colombia

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School of Social Work University of Missouri Columbia Missouri United States of America

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