Laboulbeniomycetes is a class of fungi that have obligate associations with arthropod hosts, either for dispersal (order Pyxidiophorales) or as biotrophic parasites (orders Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales). Here, we focus on Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales, which include fungi that form thalli, 3-dimensional, multicellular units of 1000 s of cells. Based on recently published data regarding patterns of speciation, we present the One-Host-One-Parasite model (1H1P) for haustorial thallus-forming Laboulbeniomycetes. We hypothesize that taxa with haustoria, rhizoidal structures that make contact with the host's body cavity, have very strict host specificity. For taxa without haustoria, the microhabitat-as selected by the host-governs host shifting, presence or absence of the fungus, abundance, effective host range, and geographic distribution. We make suggestions for future research including fluorescent labeling of waxy lipids and mass spectrometry. These techniques have the potential to generate the data necessary to evaluate the here proposed 1H1P hypothesis for Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales.

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branisovska 31 350 07 České Budějovice Czech Republic

Harvard University Herbaria 22 Divinity Avenue Cambridge MA 02138 USA

Institute of Biology Leiden Leiden University Sylviusweg 72 2333 BE Leiden The Netherlands

Meise Botanic Garden Nieuwelaan 38 1860 Meise Belgium

Research Group Mycology Department of Biology Ghent University K L Ledeganckstraat 35 9000 Ghent Belgium

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Editorial: Biodiversity and conservation of fungi and fungus-like organisms

Hesperomyces (Fungi, Ascomycota) associated with Hyperaspis ladybirds (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae): Rethinking host specificity