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Association of Early MRI Characteristics With Subsequent Epilepsy and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children With Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
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Hulshof, Hanna M
Author Hulshof, Hanna M ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland. h.m.hulshof-3@umcutrecht.nl
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Kuijf, Hugo J
Author Kuijf, Hugo J ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Kotulska, Katarzyna
Author Kotulska, Katarzyna ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Curatolo, Paolo
Author Curatolo, Paolo ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Weschke, Bernhard
Author Weschke, Bernhard ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Riney, Kate
Author Riney, Kate ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Krsek, Pavel
Author Krsek, Pavel ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Feucht, Martha
Author Feucht, Martha ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Nabbout, Rima
Author Nabbout, Rima ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Lagae, Lieven
Author Lagae, Lieven ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Jansen, Anna
Author Jansen, Anna ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Otte, Wim M
Author Otte, Wim M ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Lequin, Maarten H
Author Lequin, Maarten H ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Sijko, Kamil
Author Sijko, Kamil ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Benvenuto, Arianna
Author Benvenuto, Arianna ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Hertzberg, Christoph
Author Hertzberg, Christoph ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Benova, Barbora
Author Benova, Barbora ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Scholl, Theresa
Author Scholl, Theresa ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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De Ridder, Jessie
Author De Ridder, Jessie ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Aronica, Eleonora M A
Author Aronica, Eleonora M A ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Kwiatkowski, David J
Author Kwiatkowski, David J ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Jozwiak, Sergiusz
Author Jozwiak, Sergiusz ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Jurkiewicz, Elzbieta
Author Jurkiewicz, Elzbieta ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Braun, Kees
Author Braun, Kees ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Jansen, Floor E
Author Jansen, Floor E ORCID From the Department of Pediatric Neurology, Brain Center (H.M.H., W.M.O., K.B., F.E.J.),* Image Sciences Institute (H.J.K.), Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences (W.M.O.), and Department of Radiology (M.H.L.), University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands; Instytut Pomnik-Centrum Zdrowia Dziecka (K.K., K.S., S.J., E.J.), The Children's Memorial Health Institute,* Warsaw, Poland; Department of Pediatric Neuropsychiatry (P.C., A.B.), Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuropediatrics (B.W. C.H.), Charite-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Germany; Neurosciences Unit (K.R.), Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane Australia and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Pediatric Neurology (P.K., B.B.), Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Medizinische Universitaet Wien (M.F., T.S.),* Vienna, Austria; Department of Pediatric Neurology (R.N.), Necker Enfants Maladies Hospital,* Paris, France; Katholieke Universiteit (L.L., J.D.R.),* Leuven; Pediatric Neurology Unit (A.J.), Department of Pediatrics, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Utrecht University (W.M.O.), the Netherlands; Transition Technologies (K.S.), Warsaw, Poland; Department of (Neuro)Pathology (E.M.A.A.), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience; Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN) (E.M.A.A.), Hoofddorp, the Netherlands; Brigham and Women's Hospital (D.J.K.), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Child Neurology (S.J.), Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
- EPISTOP consortium
Language English Country United States Media print-electronic
Document type Journal Article, Multicenter Study, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Persistent link
https://www.medvik.cz/link/pmid35101906
Links
PubMed
35101906
DOI
10.1212/wnl.0000000000200027
PII: WNL.0000000000200027
Knihovny.cz E-resources
- MeSH
- Child MeSH
- Epilepsy * complications etiology MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Prospective Studies MeSH
- Tuberous Sclerosis * complications diagnostic imaging genetics MeSH
- Seizures complications MeSH
- Check Tag
- Child MeSH
- Infant MeSH
- Humans MeSH
- Child, Preschool MeSH
- Publication type
- Journal Article MeSH
- Multicenter Study MeSH
- Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't MeSH
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Multiple factors have been found to contribute to the high risk of epilepsy in infants with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), including evolution of EEG abnormalities, TSC gene variant, and MRI characteristics. The aim of this prospective multicenter study was to identify early MRI biomarkers of epilepsy in infants with TSC aged <6 months and before seizure onset, and associate these MRI biomarkers with neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years of age. The study was part of the EPISTOP project. METHODS: We evaluated brain MRIs performed in infants younger than 6 months with TSC. We used harmonized MRI protocols across centers and children were monitored closely with neuropsychological evaluation and serial video EEG. MRI characteristics, defined as tubers, radial migration lines, white matter abnormalities, cysts, calcifications, subependymal nodules (SEN), and subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA), were visually evaluated and lesions were detected semiautomatically. Lesion to brain volume ratios were calculated and associated with epilepsy and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 2 years. RESULTS: Lesions were assessed on MRIs from 77 infants with TSC; 62 MRIs were sufficient for volume analysis. The presence of tubers and higher tuber-brain ratios were associated with the development of clinical seizures, independently of TSC gene variation and preventive treatment. Furthermore, higher tuber-brain ratios were associated with lower cognitive and motor development quotients at 2 years, independently of TSC gene variation and presence of epilepsy. DISCUSSION: In infants with TSC, there is a significant association between characteristic TSC lesions detected on early brain MRI and development of clinical seizures, as well as neurodevelopmental outcomes in the first 2 years of life. According to our results, early brain MRI findings may guide clinical care for young children with TSC. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class I evidence that in infants with TSC, there is a significant association between characteristic TSC lesions on early brain MRI and the development of clinical seizures and neurodevelopmental outcomes in the first 2 years of life.
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