The adaptation of bacteria involved in the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) to low temperatures in the mainstream of WWTP will unlock substantial treatment savings. However, their adaptation mechanisms have begun to be revealed only very recently. This study reviewed the state-of-the-art knowledge on these mechanisms from -omics studies, crucially including metaproteomics and metabolomics. Anammox bacteria adapt to low temperatures by synthesizing both chaperones of RNA and proteins and chemical chaperones. Furthermore, they preserve energy for the core metabolism by reducing biosynthesis in general. Thus, in this study, a number of biomarkers are proposed to help practitioners assess the extent of anammox bacteria adaptation and predict the decomposition of biofilms/granules or slower growth. The promising biomarkers also include unique ladderane lipids. Further proteomic and metabolomic studies are necessary for a more detailed understanding of anammox low-temperature adaptation, thus easing the transition to more cost-effective and sustainable wastewater treatment.

The Delft University of Technology Department of Biotechnology Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft Netherlands

University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology Technická 5 166 28 Prague Czechia

University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering Technická 5 166 28 Prague Czechia

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Effect of temperature on the compositions of ladderane lipids in globally surveyed anammox populations

On anammox activity at low temperature: effect of ladderane composition and process conditions