The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), is a major global pest of cereal grains. Infestations are difficult to control as larvae feed inside grain kernels, and many populations are resistant to both contact insecticides and fumigants. We sequenced the genome of R. dominica to identify genes responsible for important biological functions and develop more targeted and efficacious management strategies. The genome was assembled from long read sequencing and long-range scaffolding technologies. The genome assembly is 479.1 Mb, close to the predicted genome size of 480.4 Mb by flow cytometry. This assembly is among the most contiguous beetle assemblies published to date, with 139 scaffolds, an N50 of 53.6 Mb, and L50 of 4, indicating chromosome-scale scaffolds. Predicted genes from biologically relevant groups were manually annotated using transcriptome data from adults and different larval tissues to guide annotation. The expansion of carbohydrase and serine peptidase genes suggest that they combine to enable efficient digestion of cereal proteins. A reduction in the copy number of several detoxification gene families relative to other coleopterans may reflect the low selective pressure on these genes in an insect that spends most of its life feeding internally. Chemoreceptor genes contain elevated numbers of pseudogenes for odorant receptors that also may be related to the recent ontogenetic shift of R. dominica to a diet consisting primarily of stored grains. Analysis of repetitive sequences will further define the evolution of bostrichid beetles compared to other species. The data overall contribute significantly to coleopteran genetic research.

A N Belozersky Institute of Physico Chemical Biology Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russia

Departamento de Entomologia Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa 36570 900 MG Brazil

Department of Biochemistry Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av Prof Lineu Prestes 748 São Paulo 05508 000 SP Brazil

Department of Biology University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Oshkosh WI 54901 USA

Department of Chemistry Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russia

Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA

Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology Oklahoma State University Stillwater OK 74078 USA

Department of Entomology Texas A and M University College Station TX 77843 USA

Division of Molecular Biology Ruđer Bošković Institute Bijenička 54 10000 Zagreb Croatia

Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics Lomonosov Moscow State University 119991 Moscow Russia

Genome Informatics Section Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch National Human Genome Research Institute National Institutes of Health Bethesda MD 20892 USA

Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences Pawinskiego 5A 02 106 Warsaw Poland

Institute of Biological Sciences Federal University of Goiás Av Esperança s n Goiânia 74690 900 GO Brazil

Institute of Entomology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 1160 31 370 05 České Budejovice Czech Republic

Institute of Plant Molecular Biology Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Branišovská 1160 31 370 05 České Budejovice Czech Republic

School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane 4072 QLD Australia

USDA Agricultural Research Service Commodity Protection and Quality Research 9611 S Riverbend Ave Parlier CA 93648 USA

USDA Agricultural Research Service Insect Control and Cotton Disease Research 2771 F and B Road College Station TX 77845 USA

USDA Agricultural Research Service National Agricultural Library 10301 Baltimore Ave Beltsville MD 20705 USA

USDA ARS Center for Grain and Animal Health Research 1515 College Ave Manhattan KS 66502 USA

USDA ARS U S Arid Land Agricultural Research Center Maricopa AZ 85138 USA

USDA ARS U S Meat Animal Research Center Clay Center NE 68933 USA

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