The 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) prodrug is widely used in clinical applications, primarily for skin cancer treatments and to visualize brain tumors in neurosurgery. Unfortunately, its applications are limited by unfavorable pharmacological properties, especially low lipophilicity; therefore, efficient nanovehicles are needed. For this purpose, we synthesized and characterized two novel water-soluble fullerene nanomaterials containing 5-ALA and d-glucuronic acid components. Their physicochemical properties were investigated using NMR, XPS, ESI mass spectrometry, as well as TEM and SEM techniques. In addition, HPLC and fluorescence measurements were performed to evaluate the biological activity of the fullerene nanomaterials in 5-ALA delivery and photodynamic therapy (PDT); additional detection of selected mRNA targets was carried out using the qRT-PCR methodology. The cellular response to the [60]fullerene conjugates resulted in increased levels of ABCG2 and PEPT-1 genes, as determined by qRT-PCR analysis. Therefore, we designed a combination PDT approach based on two fullerene materials, C60-ALA and C60-ALA-GA, along with the ABCG2 inhibitor Ko143.

A Chełkowski Institute of Physics University of Silesia 75 Pulku Piechoty 1 41 500 Chorzow Poland

Department of Physics Faculty of Science University of Hradec Králové Rokitanského 62 500 03 Hradec Králové Czech Republic

Institute of Chemistry University of Silesia in Katowice Szkolna 9 40 006 Katowice Poland 48322599978 48323591545

Institute of Materials Science University of Silesia in Katowice 75 Pulku Piechoty 1A Chorzow 41 500 Poland

Silesian Center for Education and Interdisciplinary Research 75 Pulku Piechoty 1a 41 500 Chorzow Poland

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In Situ Cellular Localization of Nonfluorescent [60]Fullerene Nanomaterial in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells