Combating biofilm infections remains a challenge due to the shield and acidic conditions. Herein, an acid-responsive nanoporphyrin (PN3-NP) based on the self-assembly of a water-soluble porphyrin derivative (PN3) is constructed. Additional kinetic control sites formed by the conjugation of the spermine molecules to a porphyrin macrocycle make PN3 self-assemble into stable nanoparticles (PN3-NP) in the physiological environment. Noteworthily, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence monitoring and synergistic photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) effects of PN3-NP can be triggered by the acidity in biofilms, accompanied by intelligent transformation into dot-like nanospheres. Thus, damage to normal tissue is effectively avoided and accurate diagnosis and treatment of biofilms is achieved successfully. The good results of fluorescence imaging-guided photo-ablation of antibiotic-resistant strains methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilms verify that PN3-NP is a promising alternative to antibiotics. Meanwhile, this strategy also opens new horizons to engineer smart nano-photosensitizer for accurate diagnosis and treatment of biofilms.

College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Metastasis Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 China

Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience Ewha Womans University Seoul 03760 Republic of Korea

Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds University of Chemistry and Technology Prague Technická 5 Prague 6 16628 Czech Republic

Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 Prague 6 16610 Czech Republic

Isotope laboratory Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Videnska 1083 Prague 4 14220 Czech Republic

Seoul Center Korea Basic Science Institute Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea

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