Aging is a progressive, unalterable physiological degradation process of living organisms, which leads to deterioration of biological function and eventually to senescence. The most prevalent factor responsible for aging is the accumulation of damages resulting from oxidative stress and dysbiosis. D-galactose-induced aging has become a hot topic, and extensive research is being conducted in this area. Published literature has reported that the continuous administration of D-galactose leads to the deterioration of motor and cognitive skills, resembling symptoms of aging. Hence, this procedure is employed as a model for accelerated aging. This review aims to emphasize the effect of D-galactose on various bodily organs and underline the role of the Lactobacillus sp. in the aging process, along with its anti-oxidative potential. A critical consideration to the literature describing animal models that have used the Lactobacillus sp. in amending D-galactose-induced aging is also given. KEY POINTS: • D-Galactose induces the aging process via decreasing the respiratory chain enzyme activity as well as ATP synthesis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and increased ROS production. • D-Galactose induced aging primarily affects the brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney, and skin. • The anti-oxidative potential of Lactobacillus sp. in improving D-galactose-induced aging in animal models via direct feeding and feeding of Lactobacillus-fermented food.

Biomedical Research Center University Hospital Hradec Kralove Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Hradec Kralove 50003 Hradec Kralove Czech Republic

Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology 81237 Bratislava Slovakia

Faculty of Medicine University of Porto 4200 319 Porto Portugal

Institute for Research and Innovation in Health University of Porto 4200 135 Porto Portugal

Institute of Research and Advanced Training in Health Sciences and Technologies Rua Central de Gandra 1317 4585 116 Gandra PRD Portugal

School of Bioengineering and Biosciences Lovely Professional University Phagwara Punjab 144411 India

School of Bioengineering and Food Technology Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan 173229 India

School of Biological and Environmental Sciences Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences Solan 173229 India

TOXRUN Toxicology Research Unit University Institute of Health Sciences CESPU 4585 116 Gandra CRL Portugal

Zoology Department King Saud University College of Science Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia

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