Soil life supports the functioning and biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems. Springtails (Collembola) are among the most abundant soil arthropods regulating soil fertility and flow of energy through above- and belowground food webs. However, the global distribution of springtail diversity and density, and how these relate to energy fluxes remains unknown. Here, using a global dataset representing 2470 sites, we estimate the total soil springtail biomass at 27.5 megatons carbon, which is threefold higher than wild terrestrial vertebrates, and record peak densities up to 2 million individuals per square meter in the tundra. Despite a 20-fold biomass difference between the tundra and the tropics, springtail energy use (community metabolism) remains similar across the latitudinal gradient, owing to the changes in temperature with latitude. Neither springtail density nor community metabolism is predicted by local species richness, which is high in the tropics, but comparably high in some temperate forests and even tundra. Changes in springtail activity may emerge from latitudinal gradients in temperature, predation and resource limitation in soil communities. Contrasting relationships of biomass, diversity and activity of springtail communities with temperature suggest that climate warming will alter fundamental soil biodiversity metrics in different directions, potentially restructuring terrestrial food webs and affecting soil functioning.

A N Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia

Administración de Parques Nacionales San Antonio Argentina

Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Soil Biology České Budějovice Czech Republic

Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada Sault Ste Marie Canada

Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia

Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3 Montpellier France

Centre of Biodiversity and Sustainable Land Use University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Climate Impacts Research Centre Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Umeå University Abisko Sweden

Community and Conservation Ecology Group Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Science University of Groningen Amsterdam the Netherlands

Community Department Helmholtz Center for Environmental Research Halle Germany

Departamento de Entomologia Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Département Adaptations du Vivant Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Brunoy France

Département des Sciences Biologiques Université du Québec à Montréal Québec Canada

Département des Sciences Naturelles Université du Québec en Outaouais Québec Canada

Department of Animal Science Santa Catarina State University Chapecó SC Brazil

Department of Biological Sciences University of Cape Town Rondebosch South Africa

Department of Biology IVAGRO University of Cádiz Puerto Real Spain

Department of Biology Paraiba State University Campina Grande Brazil

Department of Biology University of Western Ontario London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada

Department of BioSciences Rice University Houston USA

Department of Botany and Zoology Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte Natal RN Brazil

Department of Coastal Systems Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research 't Horntje the Netherlands

Department of Ecological Science Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam the Netherlands

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA

Department of Ecology School of Biology Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Thessaloniki Greece

Department of Ecology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Department of Ecology University of Innsbruck Innsbruck Austria

Department of Entomology Iziko Museums of South Africa Cape Town South Africa

Department of Environmental Systems Science Institute of Integrative Biology ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland

Department of Forest Entomology Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Tsukuba Japan

Department of Geography and Spatial Information Techniques Ningbo University Ningbo China

Department of Integrated Biology and Biodiversity Research University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Austria

Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Pretoria Pretoria South Africa

Department of Sciences CEPA Camargo Astillero Spain

Department of Soil and Environment Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Uppsala Sweden

Department of Soil Science Centre for Agriculture and Veterinary Science Santa Catarina State University Lages SC Brazil

Department of Soil Science Centre for Agriculture and Veterinary Science Santa Catarina State University University Lages SC Brazil

Department of Soil Zoology Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz Görlitz Germany

Department of Soil Zoology Senckenberg Society for Nature Research Görlitz Germany

Department of Sustainable Crop Production Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Piacenza Italy

Department of Systematics Zoogeography and Ecology of Invertebrates Museum and Institute of Zoology Polish Academy of Science Warsaw Poland

Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Wageningen NL 6700 AB the Netherlands

Department of Zoology Institute of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Science Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Košice Slovakia

Departmento de Biología Zoología Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain

Earth Institute University College Dublin Dublin Ireland

Environmental Science Center Qatar University Doha Qatar

FB 02 UFT General and Theoretical Ecology University of Bremen Bremen Germany

FiBL France Research Institute of Organic Agriculture Eurre France

German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle Jena Leipzig Leipzig Germany

Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences Yokohama National University Yokohama Japan

Greensway AB Uppsala Sweden

HES SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland Geneva Switzerland

Institute for Alpine Environment Eurac Research Bozen Italy

Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Chair of Soil Science Estonian University of Life Sciences Tartu Estonia

Institute of Biology and Chemistry Moscow Pedagogical State University Moscow Russia

Institute of Biology Bucharest Romanian Academy Bucharest Romania

Institute of Biology Komi Science Centre Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences Syktyvkar Russia

Institute of Biology Leipzig University Leipzig Germany

Institute of Biology University of Latvia Riga Latvia

Institute of Ecology and Evolution University of Bern Bern Switzerland

Institute of Wildlife Management and Wildlife Biology University of Sopron Sopron Hungary

Institute of Zoology Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Mainz Germany

Instituto de Biología Subtropical Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Universidad Nacional de Misiones Puerto Iguazú Argentina

Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla Sevilla Spain

ISYEB Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris France

Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization Northeast Normal University Changchun 130117 China

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology University of Göttingen Göttingen Germany

Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco Environment Ministry of Education Chongqing University Chongqing China

Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health Institute of Urban Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xiamen China

Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology Ministry of Education Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 China

Key laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130102 China

Lab Ecología y Sistemática de Microartrópodos Depto Ecología y Recursos Naturales Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México México

Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK

Natural History Museum Vienna 1 Zoology Vienna Austria

Normandie University UNIROUEN INRAE ECODIV Rouen France

Quantitative Ecology Lab Department of Ecology Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Porto Alegre Brazil

School of Biology and Environmental Science University College Dublin Dublin Ireland

Section of Terrestrial Ecology Department of Ecoscience Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark

Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Australia

Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Ancon Panama Republic of Panama

State Nature Reserve Privolzhskaya Lesostep Penza Russia

Tartu College Tallinn University of Technology Tartu Estonia

UMR 7179 MECADEV AVIV department Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle Brunoy France

Unaffiliated Edmonton Canada

Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación Facultad de Ciencias Campus Juriquilla Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro México

Université Paris Saclay INRAE AgroParisTech UMR EcoSys Thiverval Grignon France

Visva Bharati University Bengal India

Wildlife and Ecology Group School of Agriculture and Environment Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand

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figshare
10.6084/m9.figshare.16850419, 10.6084/m9.figshare.16850446