Migraine is a complex brain disorder explained by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. In monogenic migraines, including familial hemiplegic migraine and migraine with aura associated with hereditary small-vessel disorders, the identified genes code for proteins expressed in neurons, glial cells, or vessels, all of which increase susceptibility to cortical spreading depression. The study of monogenic migraines has shown that the neurovascular unit plays a prominent role in migraine. Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous susceptibility variants that each result in only a small increase in overall migraine risk. The more than 180 known variants belong to several complex networks of "pro-migraine" molecular abnormalities, which are mainly neuronal or vascular. Genetics has also highlighted the importance of shared genetic factors between migraine and its major co-morbidities, including depression and high blood pressure. Further studies are still needed to map all of the susceptibility loci for migraine and then to understand how these genomic variants lead to migraine cell phenotypes.

Center for Stroke Research Berlin Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany

Department of Neurology 3rd Faculty of Medicine Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady Prague Czech Republic

Department of Neurology Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium

Department of Neurology Wrocław Medical University Wrocław Poland

Hacettepe University Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Ankara Turkey

Headache Department Iranian Centre of Neurological Researchers Neuroscience Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran

Neurology Department Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany

Neurology Department CHU de Montpellier 80 avenue Augustin Fliche 34295 Montpellier France

Neurology Department CHU de Rouen Rouen France

Neurology Department CHU de Toulouse Toulouse France

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