Magnetic polypyrrole-gelatin-barium ferrite (PPy-G-BaFe) cryogels/aerogels were synthesized by one-step oxidative cryopolymerization of pyrrole in the presence of various fractions of barium ferrite (BaFe) nanoparticles, dispersed in aqueous gelatin solution. The successful incorporation of BaFe into the composites was confirmed by elemental analysis and scanning electron microscopy paired with an energy-dispersive X-ray detector. The maximum achieved content of BaFe in the resulting material was 3.9 wt%. The aerogels with incorporated BaFe had significantly higher specific surface area and conductivity, reaching 19.3 m2 g-1 and 4 × 10-4 S cm-1, respectively, compared to PPy-G aerogel, prepared in the absence of BaFe (7.3 m2 g-1 and 1 × 10-5 S cm-1). The model adsorption experiment using an anionic dye, Reactive Black 5, showed that magnetic PPy-G-BaFe aerogel, prepared at 10 wt% BaFe fraction, had significantly higher adsorption rate and higher adsorption capacity, compared to PPy-G (dye removal fraction 99.6% and 89.1%, respectively, after 23 h). Therefore, the prepared PPy-G-BaFe aerogels are attractive adsorbents for water purification due to their enhanced adsorption performance and the possibility of facilitated separation from solution by a magnetic field.

Faculty of Chemical Technology University of Chemistry and Technology Prague 166 28 Prague Czech Republic

Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry Czech Academy of Sciences 162 06 Prague Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Mekonnen M.M., Hoekstra A.Y. Four billion people facing severe water scarcity. Sci. Adv. 2016;2:e1500323. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1500323. PubMed DOI PMC

Taghizadeh A., Taghizadeh M., Jouyandeh M., Yazdi M.K., Zarrintaj P., Saeb M.R., Lima E.C., Gupta V.K. Conductive polymers in water treatment: A review. J. Mol. Liq. 2020;312:113447. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113447. DOI

Ghaedi M., Ansari A., Bahari F., Ghaedi A.M., Vafaei A. A hybrid artificial neural network and particle swarm optimization for prediction of removal of hazardous dye brilliant green from aqueous solution using zinc sulfide nanoparticle loaded on activated carbon. Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 2015;137:1004–1015. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.011. PubMed DOI

Al-Tohamy R., Ali S.S., Li F.H., Okasha K.M., Mahmoud Y.A.G., Elsamahy T., Jiao H.X., Fu Y.Y., Sun J.Z. A critical review on the treatment of dye-containing wastewater: Ecotoxicological and health concerns of textile dyes and possible remediation approaches for environmental safety. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2022;231:113160. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113160. PubMed DOI

Singh N.B., Nagpal G., Agrawal S., Rachna Water purification by using Adsorbents: A Review. Environ. Technol. Innov. 2018;11:187–240. doi: 10.1016/j.eti.2018.05.006. DOI

Choi W.S., Lee H.J. Nanostructured Materials for Water Purification: Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions and Organic Dyes. Polymers. 2022;14:2183. doi: 10.3390/polym14112183. PubMed DOI PMC

Barakan S., Aghazadeh V. The advantages of clay mineral modification methods for enhancing adsorption efficiency in wastewater treatment: A review. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2021;28:2572–2599. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-10985-9. PubMed DOI

Wang S.B., Peng Y.L. Natural zeolites as effective adsorbents in water and wastewater treatment. Chem. Eng. J. 2010;156:11–24. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2009.10.029. DOI

Ihsanullah I. Applications of MOFs as adsorbents in water purification: Progress, challenges and outlook. Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health. 2022;26:100335. doi: 10.1016/j.coesh.2022.100335. DOI

Sajid M., Nazal M.K., Ihsanullah, Baig N., Osman A.M. Removal of heavy metals and organic pollutants from water using dendritic polymers based adsorbents: A critical review. Sep. Purif. Technol. 2018;191:400–423. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.09.011. DOI

Qi F.F., Ma T.Y., Liu Y., Fan Y.M., Li J.Q., Yu Y., Chu L.L. 3D superhydrophilic polypyrrole nanofiber mat for highly efficient adsorption of anionic azo dyes. Microchem. J. 2020;159:105389. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105389. DOI

Yan Y.Y., Zhou P.Z., Zhang S., Yin X.Y., Zeng X.J., Pi P.H., Nong Y.J., Wen X.F. Facile preparation of ultralong polypyrrole nanowires-coated membrane for switchable emulsions separation and dyes adsorption. J. Water Process Eng. 2022;49:102942. doi: 10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102942. DOI

Stejskal J. Recent Advances in the Removal of Organic Dyes from Aqueous Media with Conducting Polymers, Polyaniline and Polypyrrole, and Their Composites. Polymers. 2022;14:4243. doi: 10.3390/polym14194243. PubMed DOI PMC

Zhou J., Lu Q.F., Luo J.J. Efficient removal of organic dyes from aqueous solution by rapid adsorption onto polypyrrole-based composites. J. Clean. Prod. 2017;167:739–748. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.196. DOI

Ayad M.M., Amer W.A., Zaghlol S., Minisy I.M., Bober P., Stejskal J. Polypyrrole-coated cotton textile as adsorbent of methylene blue dye. Chem. Pap. 2018;72:1605–1618. doi: 10.1007/s11696-018-0442-6. DOI

Pang A.L., Arsad A., Ahmadipour M. Synthesis and factor affecting on the conductivity of polypyrrole: A short review. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2021;32:1428–1454. doi: 10.1002/pat.5201. DOI

Milakin K.A., Capáková Z., Acharya U., Vajďák J., Morávková Z., Hodan J., Humpolíček P., Bober P. Biocompatible and antibacterial gelatin-based polypyrrole cryogels. Polymer. 2020;197:122491. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122491. DOI

Bober P., Capáková Z., Acharya U., Zasońska B.A., Humpolíček P., Hodan J., Hromádková J., Stejskal J. Highly conducting and biocompatible polypyrrole/poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogels. Synth. Met. 2019;252:122–126. doi: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2019.04.015. DOI

Sadeghnezhad M., Ghorbani M., Nikzad M. Synthesis of magnetic polypyrrole modified sodium alginate nanocomposite with excellent antibacterial properties and optimization of dye removal performance using. Ind. Crops Prod. 2022;186:115192. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115192. DOI

Ali H., Ismail A.M. Fabrication of Magnetic Fe3O4/Polypyrrole/Carbon Black Nanocomposite for Effective Uptake of Congo Red and Methylene Blue Dye: Adsorption Investigation and Mechanism. J. Polym. Environ. 2022 doi: 10.1007/s10924-022-02663-3. DOI

Shanehsaz M., Seidi S., Ghorbani Y., Shoja S.M.R., Rouhani S. Polypyrrole-coated magnetic nanoparticles as an efficient adsorbent for RB19 synthetic textile dye: Removal and kinetic study. Spectrochim. Acta Part A. 2015;149:481–486. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.04.114. PubMed DOI

Bober P., Minisy I.M., Acharya U., Pfleger J., Babayan V., Kazantseva N., Hodan J., Stejskal J. Conducting polymer composite aerogel with magnetic properties for organic dye removal. Synth. Met. 2020;260:116266. doi: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2019.116266. DOI

Pei Q., Qian R. Protonation and deprotonation of polypyrrole chain in aqueous-solutions. Synth. Met. 1991;45:35–48. doi: 10.1016/0379-6779(91)91845-2. DOI

Smela E., Lu W., Mattes B.R. Polyaniline actuators—Part 1. PANI(AMPS) in HCl. Synth. Met. 2005;151:25–42. doi: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2005.03.009. DOI

Balcioglu I.A., Arslan I., Sacan M.T. Homogenous and heterogenous advanced oxidation of two commercial reactive dyes. Environ. Technol. 2001;22:813–822. doi: 10.1080/095933322086180323. PubMed DOI

Ahmad A.L., Puma S.W. Reactive dyes decolourization from an aqueous solution by combined coagulation/micellar-enhanced ultrafiltration process. Chem. Eng. J. 2007;132:257–265. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2007.01.005. DOI

Saber-Samandari S., Saber-Samandari S., Joneidi-Yekta H., Mohseni M. Adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solution using gelatin-based magnetic nanocomposite beads comprising carboxylic acid functionalized carbon nanotube. Chem. Eng. J. 2017;308:1133–1144. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.10.017. DOI

Van Vlierberghe S., Graulus G.-J., Keshari Samal S., Van Nieuwenhove I., Dubruel P. Biomedical Foams for Tissue Engineering Applications. Woodhead Publishing; Sawston, UK: 2014. 12—Porous hydrogel biomedical foam scaffolds for tissue repair; pp. 335–390. DOI

Sakai H., Cima M.J., Rhine W.E. Adsorption of sulfonic-acid doped poly(vinyl chloride) on barium ferrite particles. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 1993;76:3136–3140. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1993.tb06618.x. DOI

Aphesteguy J.C., Jacobo S.E. Synthesis of a soluble polyaniline-ferrite composite: Magnetic and electric properties. J. Mater. Sci. 2007;42:7062–7068. doi: 10.1007/s10853-006-1423-7. DOI

Rana K., Thakur P., Tomar M., Gupta V., Thakurd A. Investigation of cobalt substituted M-type barium ferrite synthesized via co-precipitation method for radar absorbing material in Ku-band (12–18 GHz) Ceram. Int. 2018;44:6370–6375. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2018.01.028. DOI

Verma M., Singh A.P., Sambyal P., Singh B.P., Dhawan S.K., Choudhary V. Barium ferrite decorated reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite for effective electromagnetic interference shielding. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2015;17:1610–1618. doi: 10.1039/C4CP04284K. PubMed DOI

Basante-Delgado S.F., González-Vidal D., Morales-Morales J.A., Aperador-Chaparro W.A., Gómez-Cuaspud J.A. A preliminary study of oxides of Fe doped with Ba, Co, Cu and synthetized by the citrate sol–gel combustion route. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2020;1541:012013. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1541/1/012013. DOI

Mohammed J., Jyoti S., Yerima K.U., Tchouank Tekou Carol T., Basandrai D., Arun K., Maji P.K., Srivastava A.K. Magnetic, Mossbauer and Raman spectroscopy of nanocrystalline Dy3+-Cr3+ substituted barium hexagonal ferrites. Phys. B. 2020;585:412115. doi: 10.1016/j.physb.2020.412115. DOI

Mustofa S., Rizaldy R., Adi W.A. Study of Raman Spectra of Aluminum Powder-Substituted Barium Hexaferrite (BaM) BaFe12-xAlxO19 as a Result of Solid State Reaction Process. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2017;202:012040. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/202/1/012040. DOI

Milakin K.A., Acharya U., Trchova M., Zasonska B.A., Stejskal J. Polypyrrole/gelatin cryogel as a precursor for a macroporous conducting polymer. React. Funct. Polym. 2020;157:104751. doi: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104751. DOI

Stejskal J., Trchová M., Bober P., Morávková Z., Kopecký D., Vrňata M., Prokeš J., Varga M., Watzlová E. Polypyrrole salts and bases: Superior conductivity of nanotubes and their stability towards the loss of conductivity by deprotonation. RSC Adv. 2016;6:88382–88391. doi: 10.1039/C6RA19461C. DOI

Moravkova Z., Taboubi O., Minisy I.M., Bober P. The evolution of the molecular structure of polypyrrole during chemical polymerization. Synth. Met. 2021;271:116608. doi: 10.1016/j.synthmet.2020.116608. DOI

Crystallography Open Database, Entry 1008841. [(accessed on 9 December 2022)]. Available online: http://www.crystallography.net.

Sanches E.A., Alves S.F., Soares J.C., da Silva A.M., da Silva C.G., de Souza S.M., da Frota H.O. Nanostructured Polypyrrole Powder: A Structural and Morphological Characterization. J. Nanomater. 2015;2015:129678. doi: 10.1155/2015/129678. DOI

Ouyang J.Y., Li Y.F. Great improvement of polypyrrole films prepared electrochemically from aqueous solutions by adding nonaphenol polyethyleneoxy(10)ether. Polymer. 1997;38:3997–3999. doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(97)00087-6. DOI

Shen J.H., Chen K.Y., Li L.C., Wang W.X., Jin Y. Fabrication and microwave absorbing properties of (Z-type barium ferrite/silica)@polypyrrole composites. J. Alloys Compd. 2014;615:488–495. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.06.096. DOI

Tchouank Tekou Carol T., Srivastava A., Mohammed J., Sharma S., Mukhtar G. Investigation of energy band-gap of the composite of hexaferrites and polyaniline. SN Appl. Sci. 2020;2:864. doi: 10.1007/s42452-020-2516-7. DOI

Al-Harby N.F., Albahly E.F., Mohamed N.A. Kinetics, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies for Efficient Adsorption of Congo Red Dye from Aqueous Solution onto Novel Cyanoguanidine-Modified Chitosan Adsorbent. Polymers. 2021;13:4446. doi: 10.3390/polym13244446. PubMed DOI PMC

Minisy I.M., Bober P., Acharya U., Trchová M., Hromádková J., Pfleger J., Stejskal J. Cationic dyes as morphology-guiding agents for one-dimensional polypyrrole with improved conductivity. Polymer. 2019;174:11–17. doi: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.04.045. DOI

Magnetic Polypyrrole-Gelatin-Barium Ferrite Cryogel as an Adsorbent for Chromium (VI) Removal

Polypyrrole Aerogels: Efficient Adsorbents of Cr(VI) Ions from Aqueous Solutions