Mountains are renowned for their bountiful biodiversity. Explanations on the origin of such abundant life are usually regarded to their orogenic history. However, ancient mountain systems with geological stability also exhibit astounding levels of number of species and endemism, as illustrated by the Brazilian Quartzitic Mountains (BQM) in Eastern South America. Thus, cycles of climatic changes over the last couple million years are usually assumed to play an important role in the origin of mountainous biota. These climatic oscillations potentially isolated and reconnected adjacent populations, a phenomenon known as flickering connectivity, accelerating speciation events due to range fragmentation, dispersion, secondary contact, and hybridization. To evaluate the role of the climatic fluctuations on the diversification of the BQM biota, we estimated the ancient demography of distinct endemic species of animals and plants using hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation analysis and Ecological Niche Modelling. Additionally, we evaluated if climatic oscillations have driven a genetic spatial congruence in the genetic structure of codistributed species from the Espinhaço Range, one of the main BQM areas. Our results show that the majority of plant lineages underwent a synchronous expansion over the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, c. 21 thousand years ago), although we could not obtain a clear demographic pattern for the animal lineages. We also obtained a signal of a congruent phylogeographic break between lineages endemic to the Espinhaço Range, suggesting how ancient climatic oscillations might have driven the evolutionary history of the Espinhaço's biota.

Departamento de Biologia Vegetal Instituto de Biologia Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil

Departamento de Botânica e Zoologia Centro de Biociências Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Natal Brazil

Department of Evolution Ecology and Organismal Biology Museum of Biological Diversity The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA

Department of Evolutionary Plant Biology Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Zámek 1 Průhonice Czech Republic

Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Vegetal Universidade Estadual Paulista São Paulo Brazil

Programa de Pós Graduação em Biotecnologia e Biodiversidade Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Alimentos e Nutrição Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande Brazil

Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais Unidade Passos Av Juca Stockler 1130 bairro Belo Horizonte Passos Brazil

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