• This record comes from PubMed

The polycystic ovary syndrome: the first 150 years of study

. 2023 Mar ; 4 (1) : 2-18. [epub] 20221222

Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE Language English Country United States Media electronic-ecollection

Document type Journal Article

Links

PubMed 36959968
PubMed Central PMC10028479
DOI 10.1016/j.xfre.2022.12.002
PII: S2666-3341(22)00139-8
Knihovny.cz E-resources

The communities of reproductive medicine and reproductive sciences have been witness to an enormous acceleration of interest in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) since the mid-19th century. Although progress has been increasingly palpable, the fundamentals of the etiology and pathophysiology of PCO remain as elusive as ever. Particularly lacking is a requisite understanding of events at the cellular and molecular levels. As we cross the millennial divide, it appears appropriate that an interim progress report be crafted. This treatise is attempting to meet this objective. What follows traces the chronology of the recorded history of PCO in 4 parts.

See more in PubMed

Stein I.F., Leventhal M.L. Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1935;29:181–191.

Chereau A. Masson et Cie.; Paris: 1844. Memoires pour Servir a l'etude des maladies des ovaries.

Polk W.M. In: Clinical Gynecology Medical and Surgical for Students and Practitioners. Keating J.M., Coe H.C., editors. J.B. Lippincott Co.; Philadelphia: 1895. Inflammation of the female genital organs; p. 349.

Goldspohn A. The fate of ovaries in connection with retroversion and retroflexion of the uterus. Am J Obstet. 1897;36:439–447.

Findley P. Cystic degeneration of the ovary, an anatomical and clinical study of 180 cases. Am J Obstet. 1904;49:762–771.

Ashton W.E. In: A textbook on the practice of gynecology for practitioners and students. Ashton W.E., editor. W.B. Saunders and Company; Philadelphia and London: 1905. Chronic ovaritis; pp. 507–511.

Hyde C.R. Notes on conservative ovarian surgery. Am J Obstet Dis Women Child. 1907;56:145–159.

Bartel J., Herman E. Uber die weibliche Keimdruse bei Anornalie dere Konstitution. Gynecol Obstet. Investig. 1911;3:125–135.

Polak J.O. Final results in conservative surgery on the ovaries. JAMA. 1909;53:1382–1386.

Goldspohn A. Resection of ovaries. Trans Am Gyncecol Soc. 1914;27:71–84.

Stein I.F. Bilateral polycystic ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1945;50:385–398.

Stein I.F. Ultimate results of bilateral ovarian wedge resection: twenty-five years follow-up. Int J Fertil. 1956;1:333–344.

Stein I.F. The Stein-Leventhal syndrome; a curable form of sterility. N Engl J Med. 1958;259:420–423. PubMed

Goldzieher J.W. Polycystic ovarian disease. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1973;16:82–105. PubMed

Keetel W.C., Bradbury J.T., Stoddard F.J. Observations on the polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1957;73:954–965. PubMed

Gemzell C.A., Diczfallusy E., Tillinger G. Clinical effect of human pituitary follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1958;18:1333–1348. PubMed

Rabau E., David A., Serr D.M., Mashiach S., Lunenfeld B. Human menopausal gonadotropins for anovulation and sterility. Results of 7 years of treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1967;98:92–98. PubMed

McArthur J.W., lngerssoll F.M., Worcester J. The urinary excretion of interstitial- cell and follicle-stimulating hormone activity by women with disease of the reproductive system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1958;18:1202–1215. PubMed

Smith K.D., Steinberger E., Perlof W.H. Polycystic ovarian disease. A report of 301 patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1965;93:994–1001. PubMed

Kirschner M.A., Bardin C.W., Hembree W.C., Ross G.T. Effect of estrogen administration on androgen production and plasma luteinizing hormone in hirsute women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1970;30:727–732. PubMed

Beck P., Grayzel E.F., Young I.S., Kupperman H.S. Induction of ovulation with clomiphene. Report of a study including comparison with intravenous estrogen and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Obstet Gynecol. 1966;27:54–64. PubMed

Rakoff A.E. Hormonal changes following low-dosage irradiation of pituitary and ovaries in anovulatory women; further studies. Fertil Steril. 1953;4:263–271. PubMed

Kistner R.W., Smith O.W. Observations on the use of non-steroidal estrogen antagonist: MER-25. Fertil Steril. 1961;12:121–141. PubMed

Greenblatt R.B., Barfield W.E., Jungck E.C., Ray A.W. Induction of ovulation with MRL/41. Preliminary report. JAMA. 1961;178:101–104. PubMed

Adashi E.Y. Clomiphene citrate: mechanism(s) and site(s) of action--a hypothesis revisited. Fertil Steril. 1984;42:331–344. PubMed

Riley G.M., Evans T.N. Effects of clomiphene citrate on anovulatory ovarian function. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1964;89:97–110. PubMed

Vorys N., Gantt C.L., Hamwi G.J., Copeland W.E., Uller J.C. Clinical utility of chemical induction of ovulation. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1964;88:425–432. PubMed

Naville A.H., Kistner R.W., Wheatley R.E., Rock J. Induction of ovulation with clomiphene-citrate. Fertil Steril. 1964;15:290–309. PubMed

Kistner R.W. Further observations on the effect of clomiphene citrate in anovulatory female. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1965;92:380–420. PubMed

Yen S.S., Vela P., Rankin J. Inappropriate secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1970;30:435–442. PubMed

Rust L.A., Israel R., Mishell D.R., Jr. An individualized graduated therapeutic regimen for clomiphene citrate. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974;120:785–790. PubMed

Jones G.S., De Moraes-Ruehsen M. Induction of ovulation with human gonadotropins and with clomiphene. Fertil Steril. 1965;16:461–484. PubMed

Raj S.G., Berger M.J., Grimes E.M., Taymor M.L. The use of gonadotropins for the induction of ovulation in women with polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil Steril. 1977;28:1280–1284. PubMed

Wang C.F. Gemzell C The use of human gonadotropins for the induction of ovulation in women with polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil Steril. 1980;33:479–486. PubMed

Schoemaker J., Wentz A.C., Jones G.S., Dubin N.H., Sapp K.C. Stimulation of follicular growth with “pure” FSH in patients with anovulation and elevated LH levels. Obstet Gynecol. 1978;51:270–277. PubMed

Judd H.L., Rigg L.A., Anderson D.C., Yen S.S. The effects of ovarian wedge resection on circulating gonadotropin and ovarian steroid levels in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976;43:347–355. PubMed

Mahesh V.B., Toledo S.P., Mattar E. Hormone levels following wedge resection in polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 1978;51 64s–9s. PubMed

Easterling W.E., Talbert L.M., Potter H.D. Serum testosterone levels in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Effect of an estrogen-progestin on protein binding of testosterone. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1974;120:385–389. PubMed

Talbert L.M., Sloan C. The effect of a low-dose oral contraceptive on serum testosterone levels in polycystic ovary disease. Obstet Gynecol. 1979;53:694–697. PubMed

Palmer R., de Brux J. Resultats histologiques, biochimiques et therapeutiques obtenus chez les femmes dont les ovaires avalent ete diagnostiques Stein-Leventhal a la coelioscopie. Bull Fed Gynec Obstet Franc. 1967;19:405–412. PubMed

Neuwirth R.S. A method of bilateral ovarian biopsy at laparoscopy in infertility and chronic anovulation. Fertil Steril. 1972;23:361–366. PubMed

Gjonnaess H. Polycystic ovarian syndrome treated by ovarian electrocautery through the laparoscope. Fertil Steril. 1984;41:20–25. PubMed

Donesky B.W., Adashi E.Y. Surgically induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome: wedge resection revisited in the age of laparoscopy. Fertil Steril. 1995;63:439–463. PubMed

Rebar R., Judd H.L., Yen S.S., Rakoff J., Vandenberg G., Naftolin F. Characterization of the inappropriate gonadotropin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Invest. 1976;57:1320–1329. PubMed PMC

Shaw R.W., Duignan N.M., Butt W.R., Logan-Edwards R., London D.R. Modification by sex steroids of LHRH response in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1976;5:495–502. PubMed

Berger M.J., Taymor M.L., Patton W.C. Gonadotropin levels and secretory pattern in patients with typical and atypical polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 1975;26:619–626. PubMed

Duignan N.M., Shaw R.W., Rudd B.T., Holder G., Williams J.W., Butt W.R., et al. Sex hormone levels and gonadotropin release in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1975;4:287–295. PubMed

Anderson D.C. Sex-hormone-binding globulin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1974;3:69–96. PubMed

De Vane G.W., Czekala N.M., Judd H.L., Yen S.S. Circulating gonadotropins, estrogens, and androgens in polycystic ovarian disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1975;121:496–500. PubMed

Judd H.L., McPherson R.A., Rakoff J.S., Yen S.S. Correlation of the effects of dexamethasone administration on urinary 17-ketosteroid and serum androgen levels in patients with hirsutism. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1977;128:408–417. PubMed

Bardin C.W., Hembree W.C., Lipsett M.B. Suppression of testosterone and androstenedione production rates with dexamethasone in women with idiopathic hirsutism and polycystic ovaries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1968;28:1300–1306. PubMed

Lachelin G.C., Barnett M., Hopper B.R., Brink G., Yen S.S. Adrenal function in normal women and women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1979;49:892–898. PubMed

Swanson M., Sauerbrei E.E., Cooperberg P.L. Medical implications of ultrasonically detected polycystic ovaries. J Clin Ultrasound. 1981;9:219–222. PubMed

Shoham Z., Conway G.S., Patel A., Jacobs H.S. Polycystic ovaries in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: similarity of ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil Steril. 1992;58:37–45. PubMed

Adams J., Franks S., Polson D.W., Mason H.D., Abdulwahid N., Tucker M., et al. Multifollicular ovaries: clinical and endocrine features and response to pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone. Lancet. 1985;2:1375–1379. PubMed

Tucker M., Adams J., Mason W.P., Jacobs H.S. Infertility, megalocystic and polycystic ovaries: differential response to LHRH therapy. Ups J Med Sci. 1984;89:43–46. PubMed

Norman R.J., Hague W.M., Masters S.C., Wang X.J. Subjects with polycystic ovaries without hyperandrogenaemia exhibit similar disturbances in insulin and lipid profiles as those with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 1995;10:2258–2261. PubMed

Quigley M.E., Rakoff J.S., Yen S.S. Increased luteinizing hormone sensitivity to dopamine inhibition in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981;52:231–234. PubMed

Carmina E., Rosato F., Maggiore M., Gagliano A.M., Indovina D., Janni A. Prolactin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO): correlation with the steroid pattern. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1984;105:99–104. PubMed

Luciano A.A., Chapler F.K., Sherman B.M. Hyperprolactinemia in polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 1984;41:719–725. PubMed

Cumming D.C., Reid R.L., Quigley M.E., Rebar R.W., Yen S.S. Evidence for decreased endogenous dopamine and opioid inhibitory influences on LH secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1984;20:643–648. PubMed

Barnes R.B., Lobo R.A. Central opioid activity in polycystic ovary syndrome with and without dopaminergic modulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;61:779–782. PubMed

Seppala M., Hirvonen E., Ranta T. Bromocriptine treatment of secondary amenorrhea. Lancet. 1976;1:1154–1156. PubMed

Barnes R.B., Mileikowsky G.N., Cha K.Y., Spencer C.A., Lobo R.A. Effects of dopamine and metoclopramide in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;63:506–509. PubMed

Falaschi P., Rocco A., del Pozo E. Inhibitory effect of bromocriptine treatment on luteinizing hormone secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;62:348–351. PubMed

Zumoff B., Freeman R.A., Coupey S., Saenger P., Markowitz M., Kream J. A chronobiologic abnormality in luteinizing hormone secretion in teenage girls with the polycystic-ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1983;309:1206–1209. PubMed

Burger C.W., Korsen T., van Kesse H., van Dop P.A., Caron F.J., Schoemaker J. Pulsatile luteinizing hormone patterns in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD) and non-PCOD secondary amenorrhea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;61:1126–1132. PubMed

Waldstreicher J., Santoro N.F., Hall J.E., Filicori M., Crowley W.F., Jr. Hyperfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in women with polycystic ovarian disease: indirect evidence for partial gonadotroph desensitization. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;66:165–172. PubMed

Kazer R.R., Kessel B., Yen S.S. Circulating luteinizing hormone pulse frequency in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;65:233–236. PubMed

Wildt L., Hausler A., Marshall G., Hutchison J.S., Plant T.M., Belchetz P.E., et al. Frequency and amplitude of gonadotropin-releasing hormone stimulation and gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology. 1981;109:376–385. PubMed

Reid R.L., Leopold G.R., Yen S.S. Induction of ovulation and pregnancy with pulsatile luteinizing hormone releasing factor: dosage and mode of delivery. Fertil Steril. 1981;36:553–559. PubMed

Dodson W.C., Hughes C.L., Whitesides D.B., Haney A.F. The effect of leuprolide acetate on ovulation induction with human menopausal gonadotropins in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;65:95–100. PubMed

Barnes R.B., Rosenfield R.L., Burstein S., Ehrmann D.A. Pituitary-ovarian responses to nafarelin testing in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1989;320:559–565. PubMed

Achard C., Thiers J. Le virilisme pilaire et son association a l'insuffisance glycolytique (diabete des fammes a barb) Bull Acad Natl Med. 1921;86:51–64.

Hollingsworth D.R., Amatruda T.T., Jr. Acanthosis nigricans and obesity, an endocrine abnormality? Arch Intern Med. 1969;124:481–487. PubMed

Givens J.R., Wiser W.L., Coleman S.A., Wilroy R.S., Andersen R.N., Fish S.A. Familial ovarian hyperthecosis: a study of two families. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1971;110:959–972.

Kahn C.R., Flier J.S., Bar R.S., Archer J.A., Gorden P., Martin M.M., et al. The syndromes of insulin resistance and acanthosis nigricans. Insulin-receptor disorders in man. N Engl J Med. 1976;294:739–745. PubMed

Burghen G.A., Givens J.R., Kitabchi A.E. Correlation of hyperandrogenism with hyperinsulinism in polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1980;50:113–116. PubMed

Chang R.J., Nakamura R.M., Judd H.L., Kaplan S.A. Insulin resistance in nonobese patients with polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;57:356–359. PubMed

Barbieri R.L., Ryan K.J. Hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and acanthosis nigricans syndrome: a common endocrinopathy with distinct pathophysiologic features. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;147:90–101. PubMed

Pasquali R., Casimirri F., Venturoli S., Paradisi R., Mattioli L., Capelli M., et al. Insulin resistance in patients with polycystic ovaries: its relationship to body weight and androgen levels. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1983;104:110–116. PubMed

Shoupe D., Kumar D.D., Lobo R.A. Insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;147:588–592. PubMed

Cotrozzi G., Matteini M., Relli P., Lazzari T. Hyperinsulinism and insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome: a verification using oral glucose, I.V. glucose and tolbutamide. Acta Diabetol Lat. 1983;20:135–142. PubMed

Dunaif A., Segal K.R., Futterweit W., Dobrjansky A. Profound peripheral insulin resistance, independent of obesity, in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes. 1989;38:1165–1174. PubMed

Dunaif A., Segal K.R., Shelley D.R., Green G., Dobrjansky A., Licholai T. Evidence for distinctive and intrinsic defects in insulin action in polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes. 1992;41:1257–1266. PubMed

Dunaif A., Sorbara L., Delson R., Green G. Ethnicity and polycystic ovary syndrome are associated with independent and additive decreases in insulin action in Caribbean-Hispanic women. Diabetes. 1993;42:1462–1468. PubMed

O'Meara N.M., Blackman J.D., Ehrmann D.A., Barnes R.B., Jaspan J.B., Rosenfield R.L., et al. Defects in beta-cell function in functional ovarian hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993;76:1241–1247. PubMed

Holte J., Bergh T., Berne C., Berglund L., Lithell H. Enhanced early insulin response to glucose in relation to insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal glucose tolerance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994;78:1052–1058. PubMed

Ehrmann D.A., Sturis J., Byrne M.M., Karrison T., Rosenfield R.L., Polonsky K.S. Insulin secretory defects in polycystic ovary syndrome. Relationship to insulin sensitivity and family history of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:520–527. PubMed PMC

Dunaif A., Finegood D.T. Beta-cell dysfunction independent of obesity and glucose intolerance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:942–947. PubMed

Sorbara L.R., Tang Z., Cama A., Xia J., Schenker E., Kohanski R.A., et al. Absence of insulin receptor gene mutations in three Insulin-resistant women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism. 1994;43:1568–1574. PubMed

Talbot J.A., Bicknell E.J., Rajkhowa M., Krook A., O’Rahilly S.O., Clayton R.N. Molecular scanning of the Insulin receptor gene in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:1979–1983. PubMed

Ciaraldi T.P., El-Roeiy A., Madar Z., Reichart D., Olefsky J.M., Yen S.S. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance in polycystic ovarian syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:577–583. PubMed

Dunaif A., Xia J., Book C.B., Schenker E., Tang Z. Excessive insulin receptor serine phosphorylation in cultured fibroblasts and in skeletal muscle. A potential mechanism for insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Invest. 1995;96:801–810. PubMed PMC

Dunaif A., Wu X., Lee A., Diamanti-Kandarakis E. Defects in insulin receptor signaling in vivo in the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2001;281:E392–E399. PubMed

Nestler J.E., Barlascini C.O., Matt D.W., Steingold K.A., Plymate S.R., Clore J.N., et al. Suppression of serum Insulin by diazoxide reduces serum testosterone levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989;68:1027–1032. PubMed

Dunaif A., Green G., Futterweit W., Dobrjansky A. Suppression of hyperandrogenism does not improve peripheral or hepatic insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990;70:699–704. PubMed

Elkind-Hirsh K.E., Valdes C.T., Malinak L.R. Insulin resistance improves in hyperandrogenic women treated with lupron. Fertil Steril. 1993;60:634–641. PubMed

Moghetti P., Tosi F., Castello R., Magnani C.M., Negri C., Brun E., et al. The insulin resistance in women with hyperandrogenism is partially reversed by antiandrogen treatment: evidence that androgens impair insulin action in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:952–960. PubMed

Nestler J.E., Powers L.P., Matt D.W., Steingold K.A., Plymate S.R., Rittmaster R.S., et al. A direct effect of hyperinsulinemia on serum sex hormone-binding globulin levels in obese women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1991;72:83–89. PubMed

Barbieri R.L., Makris A., Randall R.W., Daniel G., Kistner R.W., Ryan K.J. Insulin stimulates androgen accumulation in incubations of ovarian stroma obtained from women with hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;62:904–910. PubMed

Willis D., Mason H., Gilling-Smith C., Franks S. Modulation by Insulin of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone actions in human granulosa cells of normal and polycystic ovaries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:302–309. PubMed

Nestler J.E., Jakubowicz D.J., de Vargas A.F., Brik C., Quintero N., Medina F. Insulin stimulates testosterone biosynthesis by human thecal cells from women with polycystic ovary syndrome by activating its own receptor and using inositolglycan mediators as the signal transduction system. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83 2001–5. PubMed

Poretsky L., Seto-Young D., Shrestha A., Dhillon S., Mirjany M., Liu H.C., et al. Phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase-independent insulin action pathway(s) in the human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3115–3119. PubMed

Dunaif A., Graf M., Mandeli J., Laumas V., Dobrjansky A. Characterization of groups of hyperandrogenic women with acanthosis nigricans, impaired glucose tolerance, and/or hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1987;65:499–507. PubMed

Dahlgren E., Johansson S., Lindstedt G., Knutsson F., Oden A., Janson P.O., et al. Women with polycystic ovary syndrome wedge resected in 1956 to 1965: a long-term follow-up focusing on natural history and circulating hormones. Fertil Steril. 1992;57:505–513. PubMed

Ehrmann D.A., Barnes R.B., Rosenfeld R.L., Cavaghan M.K., Imperial J. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care. 1999;22:141–146. PubMed

Legro R.S., Kunselman A.R., Dodson W.C., Dunaif A. Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:165–169. PubMed

Wild R.A., Painter P.C., Coulson P.B., Carruth K.B., Ranney G.B. Lipoprotein lipid concentration and cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1985;61:946–951. PubMed

Talbott E., Guzick D., Clerici A., Berga S., Detre K., Weimer K., et al. Coronary heart disease risk factors in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;15:821–826. PubMed

Robinson S., Henderson A.D., Gelding S.V., Kiddy D., Niththyananthan R., Bush A., et al. Dyslipidaemia is associated with Insulin resistance in women with polycystic ovaries. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996;44:277–284. PubMed

Rajkhowa M., Neary R.H., Kumpatla P., Game F.L., Jones P.W., Obhrai M.S., et al. Altered composition of high-density lipoproteins in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:3389–3394. PubMed

Talbott E., Clerici A., Berga S.L., Kuller L., Guzick D., Detre K., et al. Adverse lipid and coronary heart disease risk profiles in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol. 1998;51:415–422. PubMed

Sampson M., Kong C., Patel A., Unwin R., Jacobs H.S. Ambulatory blood pressure profiles and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) activity in lean women with and without the polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996;45:623–629. PubMed

Zimmerman S., Phillips R.A., Dunaif A., Finegood D.T., Wilkenfeld C., Ardeljan M., et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome: lack of hypertension despite profound insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992;75:508–513. PubMed

Wild R.A., Grubb B., Hartz A., Van Nort J.J., Bachman W., Bartholomew M. Clinical signs of androgen excess as risk factors for coronary artery disease. Fertil Steril. 1990;54:255–259. PubMed

Birdsall M.A., Farquhar C.M., White H.D. Association between polycystic ovaries and extent of coronary artery disease in women having cardiac catheterization. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126:32–35. PubMed

Guzick D.S., Talbott E.O., Sutton-Tyrrell K., Herzog H.C., Kuller L.H., Wolfson S.K., Jr. Carotid atherosclerosis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: initial results from a case-control study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174:1224–1229. discussion 1229–32. PubMed

Cibula D., Cifkova R., Fanta M., Poledne R., Zivny J., Skibova J. Increased risk of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension and coronary artery disease in perimenopausal women with a history of the polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2000;15:785–789. PubMed

Wild S., Pierpoint T., McKeigue P., Jacobs H. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long- term follow-up: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2000;52:595–600. PubMed

Velazquez E.M., Mendoza S., Hamer T., Sosa F., Glueck C.J. Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism. 1994;43:647–654. PubMed

Nestler J.E., Jakubowicz D.J. Decreases in ovarian cytochrome P450c17 alpha activity and serum free testosterone after reduction of insulin secretion in polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1996;335:617–623. PubMed

Velazquez E., Acosta A., Mendoza S.G. Menstrual cyclicity after metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol. 1997;90:392–395. PubMed

Morin-Papunen L.C., Koivunen R.M., Ruokonen A., Martikainen H.K. Metformin therapy improves the menstrual pattern with minimal endocrine and metabolic effects in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 1998;69:691–696. PubMed

Glueck C.J., Wang P., Fontaine R., Tracy T., Sieve-Smith L. Metformin-induced resumption of normal menses in 39 of 43 (91%) previously amenorrheic women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism. 1999;48:511–519. PubMed

Ehrmann D.A., Cavaghan M.K., Imperial J., Sturis J., Rosenfield R.L., Polonsky K.S. Effects of metformin on insulin secretion, Insulin action, and ovarian steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:524–530. PubMed

Moghetti P., Castello R., Negri C., Tosi F., Perrone F., Caputo M., et al. Metformin effects on clinical features, endocrine and metabolic profiles, and insulin sensitivity in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled 6-month trial, followed by open, long-term clinical evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:139–146. PubMed

Dunaif A., Scott D., Finegood D., Quintana B., Whitcomb D.R. The Insulin-sensitizing agent troglitazone improves metabolic and reproductive abnormalities in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:3299–3306. PubMed

Ehrmann D.A., Schneider D.J., Sobel B.E., Cavaghan M.K., Imperial J., Rosenfield R.L., et al. Troglitazone improves defects in insulin action, insulin secretion, ovarian steroidogenesis, and fibrinolysis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82:2108–2116. PubMed

Hasegawa I., Murakawa H., Suzuki M., Yamamoto Y., Kurabayaski T., Tanaka K. Effect of troglitazone on endocrine and ovulatory performance in women with insulin resistance-related polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 1999;71:323–327. PubMed

Koshiyama H., Shimono D., Kuwamura N., Minamikawa J., Nakamura Y. Rapid communication: inhibitory effect of pioglitazone on carotid arterial wall thickness in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001;86:3452–3456. PubMed

Nestler J.E., Jakubowicz D.J., Evans W.S., Pasquali R. Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1876–1880. PubMed

Mitwally M.F., Kuscu N.K., Yalcinkaya T.M. High ovulatory rates with use of troglitazone in clomiphene-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 1999;14:2700–2703. PubMed

Nestler J.E., Jakubowicz D.J., Reamer P., Gunn R.D., Allan G. Ovulatory and metabolic effects of D-chiro-inositol in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1314–1320. PubMed

Kamrava M.M., Seibel M.M., Berger M.J., Thompson I., Taymor M.L. Reversal of persistent anovulation in polycystic ovarian disease by administration of chronic low-dose follicle-stimulating hormone. Fertil Steril. 1982;37:520–523. PubMed

Polson D.W., Mason H.D., Saldahna M.B., Franks S. Ovulation of a single dominant follicle during treatment with low-dose pulsatile follicle stimulating hormone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1987;26:205–212. PubMed

Shoham Z., Patel A., Jacobs H.S. Polycystic ovarian syndrome: safety and effectiveness of stepwise and low-dose administration of purified follicle-stimulating hormone. Fertil Steril. 1991;55:1051–1056. PubMed

Homburg R., Levy T., Ben-Rafael Z. A comparative prospective study of conventional regimen with chronic low-dose administration of follicle-stimulating hormone for anovulation associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 1995;63:729–733. PubMed

Andoh K., Mizunuma H., Liu X., Kamijo T., Yamada K., Ibuki Y. A comparative study of fixed-dose, step-down, and low-dose step-up regimens of human menopausal gonadotropin for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 1998;70:840–846. PubMed

Salat-Baroux J., Alvarez S., Antoine J.M., Cornet D., Tibi C., Plachot M., et al. Results of IVF in the treatment of polycystic ovary disease. Hum Reprod. 1988;3:331–335. PubMed

Homburg R., Berkowitz D., Levy T., Feldberg D., Ashkenazi J., Ben-Rafael Z. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer for the treatment of infertility associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 1993;60:858–863. PubMed

Dale P.O., Tanbo T., Abyholm T. In-vitro fertilization in infertile women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Reprod. 1991;6:238–241. PubMed

MacDougall M.J., Tan S.L., Balen A., Jacobs H.S. A controlled study comparing patients with and without polycystic ovaries undergoing in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod. 1993;8:233–237. PubMed

Cooper H.E., Spellacy W.N., Prem K.A., Cohen W.D. Hereditary factors in the Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1968;100:371–387. PubMed

Simpson J.L., Christakos A.C. Hereditary factors in obstetrics and gynecology. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 1969;24:580–601. PubMed

Givens J.R. Familial polycystic ovarian disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1988;17:771–783. PubMed

Lunde O., Magnus P., Sandvik L., Hoglo S. Familial clustering in the polycystic ovarian syndrome. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 1989;28:23–30. PubMed

Carey A.H., Chan K.L., Short F., White D., Williamson R., Franks S. Evidence for a single gene effect causing polycystic ovaries and male pattern baldness. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993;38:653–658. PubMed

Govind A., Obhrai M.S., Clayton R.N. Polycystic ovaries are inherited as an autosomal dominant trait: analysis of 29 polycystic ovary syndrome and 10 control families. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999;84:38–43. PubMed

Ferriman D., Purdie A.W. The inheritance of polycystic ovarian disease and a possible relationship to premature balding. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1979;11:291–300. PubMed

Carey A.H., Waterworth D., Patel K., White D., Little J., Novelli P., et al. Polycystic ovaries and premature male pattern baldness are associated with one allele of the steroid metabolism gene CYP17. Hum Mol Genet. 1994;3:1873–1876. PubMed

Rosenfield R.L., Barnes R.B., Cara J.F., Lucky A.W. Dysregulation of cytochrome P450c 17 alpha as the cause of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Fertil Steril. 1990;53:785–791. PubMed

Gharani N., Waterworth D.M., Williamson R., Franks S. 5' polymorphism of the CYP17 gene is not associated with serum testosterone levels in women with polycystic ovaries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:4174. PubMed

Techatraisak K., Conway G.S., Rumsby G. Frequency of a polymorphism in the regulatory region of the 17 alpha-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase (CYP17) gene in hyperandrogenic states. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1997;46:131–134. PubMed

Urbanek M., Legro R.S., Driscoll D.A., Azziz R., Ehrmann D.A., Norman R.J., et al. Thirty-seven candidate genes for polycystic ovary syndrome: strongest evidence for linkage is with follistatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999;96:8573–8578. PubMed PMC

Gharani N., Waterworth D.M., Batty S., White D., Gilling-Smith C., Conway G.S., et al. Association of the steroid synthesis gene CYP l la with polycystic ovary syndrome and hyperandrogenism. Hum Mol Genet. 1997;6:397–402. PubMed

Waterworth D.M., Bennett S.T., Gharani N., McCarthy M.I., Hague S., Batty S., et al. Linkage and association of insulin gene VNTR regulatory polymorphism with polycystic ovary syndrome. Lancet. 1997;349:986–990. PubMed

Bennett S.T., Lucassen A.M., Gough S.C., Powell E.E., Undlien D.E., Pritchard L.E., et al. Susceptibility to human type l diabetes at IDDM2 is determined by tandem repeat variation at the Insulin gene minisatellite locus. Nat Genet. 1995;9:284–292. PubMed

Find record

Citation metrics

Loading data ...

Archiving options

Loading data ...