The increasing attendance of paediatric emergency departments has become a serious health issue. To reduce an elevated burden of medical errors, inevitably caused by a high level of stress exerted on emergency physicians, we propose potential areas for improvement in regular paediatric emergency departments. In an effort to guarantee the demanded quality of care to all incoming patients, the workflow in paediatric emergency departments should be sufficiently optimised. The key component remains to implement one of the validated paediatric triage systems upon the patient's arrival at the emergency department and fast-tracking patients with a low level of risk according to the triage system. To ensure the patient's safety, emergency physicians should follow issued guidelines. Cognitive aids, such as well-designed checklists, posters or flow charts, generally improve physicians' adherence to guidelines and should be available in every paediatric emergency department. To sharpen diagnostic accuracy, the use of ultrasound in a paediatric emergency department, according to ultrasound protocols, should be targeted to answer specific clinical questions. Combining all mentioned improvements might reduce the number of errors linked to overcrowding. The review serves not only as a blueprint for modernising paediatric emergency departments but also as a bin of useful literature which can be suitable in the paediatric emergency field.

Department of Paediatric Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine University Hospital Brno and Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Simulation Medicine Faculty of Medicine Masaryk University Kamenice 5 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Surgery Vyškov Hospital Purkyňova 235 36 682 01 Vyškov Czech Republic

Emergency Department University Hospital Olomouc and Faculty of Medicine Palacký University 1 P Pavlova 185 6 779 00 Olomouc Czech Republic

Emergency Medical Service of the South Moravian Region Kamenice 798 625 00 Brno Czech Republic

Paediatric Intensive Care Unit NH Hospital Inc 268 01 Hořovice Czech Republic

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