OBJECTIVE: The study worked with depressive symptoms, anxiety score and cognitive functions in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) patients treated with CPAP. METHODS: Eighty-one subjects with OSA and without psychiatric comorbidity were treated with CPAP for one year and completed the following scales and cognitive tests: Trail Making Test, Verbal Fluency Test, d2 Test, Beck Depression Inventory-II and Beck Anxiety Inventory. MINI ruled out psychiatric disorder. At the two months check-up, subjects were re-evaluated for depressive and anxiety symptoms, and after one year of CPAP treatment, subjects repeated cognitive tests and scales. Data about therapy adherence and effectiveness were obtained from the patient's CPAP machines. RESULTS: The study was completed by 59 CPAP adherent patients and eight non-adherent patients. CPAP therapy effectiveness was verified in all patients by decreasing the apnea-hypopnoea index below 5 and/or 10% of baseline values. The adherent patients significantly improved depressive and anxiety symptoms. There was also an improvement in overall performance in the attention test; however, performance in many individual items did not change. The adherent patients also improved verbal fluency and in the Part B of the Trail making test. The non-adherent group significantly increased the number of mistakes made in the d2 test; other results were non-significant. CONCLUSION: According to our results, OSA patients' mood, anxiety and certain cognitive domains improved during the one-year therapy with CPAP. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03866161.

Department of Psychiatry Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry of Palacky University Olomouc the Czech Republic

Department of Psychology Sciences Faculty of Social Science and Health Care of Constantine the Philosopher University Nitra the Slovak Republic

Department of Respiratory Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry of Palacky University Olomouc the Czech Republic

Department of Respiratory Medicine University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine of Masaryk University Brno the Czech Republic

Institute for Postgraduate Education in Health Care Prague The Czech Republic

Jessenia Inc Rehabilitation Hospital Akeso Holding Beroun the Czech Republic

Zobrazit více v PubMed

Patil SP, Ayappa IA, Caples SM, Kimoff RJ, Patel SR, Harrod CG. Treatment of adult obstructive sleep apnea with positive airway pressure: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine clinical practice guideline. J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15(2):335–343. doi:10.5664/jcsm.7640 PubMed DOI PMC

Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Peppard PE, Nieto FJ, Hla KM. Burden of sleep apnea: rationale, design, and major findings of the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort study. WMJ. 2009;108(5):246–249. PubMed PMC

Senaratna CV, English DR, Currier D, et al. Sleep apnoea in Australian men: disease burden, co-morbidities, and correlates from the Australian longitudinal study on male health. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(Suppl 3):1029. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3703-8 PubMed DOI PMC

bixler EO, Vgontzas AN, Lin HM, Calhoun SL, Vela-Bueno A, Kales A. Excessive daytime sleepiness in a general population sample: the role of sleep apnea, age, obesity, diabetes, and depression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(8):4510–4515. doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0035 PubMed DOI

Bonsignore MR, Baiamonte P, Mazzuca E, Castrogiovanni A, Marrone O. Obstructive sleep apnea and comorbidities: a dangerous liaison. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2019;14:8. doi:10.1186/s40248-019-0172-9 PubMed DOI PMC

Fleetham J, Ayas N, Bradley D, et al. Canadian Thoracic Society 2011 guideline update: diagnosis and treatment of sleep disordered breathing. Can Respir J. 2011;18(1):25–47. doi:10.1155/2011/506189 PubMed DOI PMC

Liu H, Peng W, Zhou L, et al. Depression with obstructive sleep apnea lead to high cardiovascular disease morbidity/all-cause mortality: findings from the SHHS cohort [published online ahead of print, 2023 Feb 2]. J Sleep Res. 2023:e13828. doi:10.1111/jsr.13828 PubMed DOI

Gall R, Isaac L, Kryger M. Quality of life in mild obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep. 1993;16(8 Suppl):S59–S61. doi:10.1093/sleep/16.suppl_8.s59 PubMed DOI

Flemons WW, Whitelaw WA, Brant R, Remmers JE. Likelihood ratios for a sleep apnea clinical prediction rule. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150(5 Pt 1):1279–1285. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.150.5.7952553 PubMed DOI

Hobzova M, Prasko J, Vanek J, et al. Depression and obstructive sleep apnea. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2017;38(5):343–352. PubMed

Vanek J, Prasko J, Genzor S, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea, depression and cognitive impairment. Sleep Med. 2020;72:50–58. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2020.03.017 PubMed DOI

Klonoff H, Fleetham J, Taylor DR, Clark C. Treatment outcome of obstructive sleep apnea. Physiological and neuropsychological concomitants. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1987;175(4):208–212. doi:10.1097/00005053-198704000-00003 PubMed DOI

DeJean D, Giacomini M, Vanstone M, Brundisini F. Patient experiences of depression and anxiety with chronic disease: a systematic review and qualitative meta-synthesis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2013;13(16):1–33. PubMed PMC

Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ, McEachran AB, Taska LS, Sewitch DE, Coble PA. Depressive psychopathology in male sleep apneics. J Clin Psychiatry. 1984;45(7):287–290. PubMed

Millman RP, Fogel BS, McNamara ME, Carlisle CC. Depression as a manifestation of obstructive sleep apnea: reversal with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989;50(9):348–351. PubMed

Cheshire K, Engleman H, Deary I, Shapiro C, Douglas NJ. Factors impairing daytime performance in patients with sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 1992;152(3):538–541. doi:10.1001/archinte.1992.00400150068012 PubMed DOI

Peppard PE, Szklo-Coxe M, Hla KM, Young T. Longitudinal association of sleep-related breathing disorder and depression. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(16):1709–1715. doi:10.1001/archinte.166.16.1709 PubMed DOI

Ramos Platón MJ, Espinar Sierra J. Changes in psychopathological symptoms in sleep apnea patients after treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Int J Neurosci. 1992;62(3–4):173–195. doi:10.3109/00207459108999770 PubMed DOI

Borak J, Cieślicki J, Szelenberger W, Wilczak-Szadkowska H, Koziej M, Zieliński J. Psychopathological characteristics of the consequences of obstructive sleep apnea prior to and three months after CPAP. Psychiatr Pol. 1994;28(3 Suppl):33–44. PubMed

Edinger JD, Carwile S, Miller P, Hope V, Mayti C. Psychological status, syndromatic measures, and compliance with nasal CPAP therapy for sleep apnea. Percept Mot Skills. 1994;78(3 Pt 2):1116–1118. doi:10.2466/pms.1994.78.3c.1116 PubMed DOI

Engleman HM, Martin SE, Deary IJ, Douglas NJ. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on daytime function in sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome. Lancet. 1994;343(8897):572–575. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91522-9 PubMed DOI

Flemons WW, Tsai W. Quality of life consequences of sleep-disordered breathing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;99(2):S750–S756. doi:10.1016/s0091-6749(97)70123-4 PubMed DOI

Gabryelska A, Turkiewicz S, Ditmer M, Sochal M. Neurotrophins in the neuropathophysiology, course, and complications of obstructive sleep apnea-a narrative review. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3):1808. doi:10.3390/ijms24031808 PubMed DOI PMC

Harris M, Glozier N, Ratnavadivel R, Grunstein RR. Obstructive sleep apnea and depression. Sleep Med Rev. 2009;13(6):437–444. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.04.001 PubMed DOI

Szaulińska K, Pływaczewski R, Sikorska O, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in severe mental disorders. Psychiatr Pol. 2015;49(5):883–895. doi:10.12740/PP/32566 PubMed DOI

Rosenzweig I, Glasser M, Polsek D, Leschziner GD, Williams SC, Morrell MJ. Sleep apnoea and the brain: a complex relationship. Lancet Respir Med. 2015;3(5):404–414. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00090-9 PubMed DOI

Bucks RS, Olaithe M, Eastwood P. Neurocognitive function in obstructive sleep apnoea: a meta-review. Respirology. 2013;18(1):61–70. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02255.x PubMed DOI

Gilley RR. The role of sleep in cognitive function: the value of a good night’s rest. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2023;54(1):12–20. doi:10.1177/15500594221090067 PubMed DOI

Bédard MA, Montplaisir J, Richer F, Malo J. Nocturnal hypoxemia as a determinant of vigilance impairment in sleep apnea syndrome. Chest. 1991;100(2):367–370. doi:10.1378/chest.100.2.367 PubMed DOI

Décary A, Rouleau I, Montplaisir J. Cognitive deficits associated with sleep apnea syndrome: a proposed neuropsychological test battery. Sleep. 2000;23(3):369–381. doi:10.1093/sleep/23.3.1d PubMed DOI

Rouleau I, Décary A, Chicoine AJ, Montplaisir J. Procedural skill learning in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep. 2002;25(4):401–411. doi:10.1093/sleep/25.4.398 PubMed DOI

Salorio CF, White DA, Piccirillo J, Duntley SP, Uhles ML. Learning, memory, and executive control in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2002;24(1):93–100. doi:10.1076/jcen.24.1.93.973 PubMed DOI

Ferini-Strambi L, Baietto C, Di Gioia MR, et al. Cognitive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): partial reversibility after continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Brain Res Bull. 2003;61(1):87–92. doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(03)00068-6 PubMed DOI

Aloia MS, Arnedt JT, Davis JD, Riggs RL, Byrd D. Neuropsychological sequelae of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome: a critical review. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10(5):772–785. doi:10.1017/S1355617704105134 PubMed DOI

Verstraeten E, Cluydts R, Pevernagie D, Hoffmann G. Executive function in sleep apnea: controlling for attentional capacity in assessing executive attention. Sleep. 2004;27(4):685–693. PubMed

Mathieu A, Mazza S, Décary A, et al. Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on cognitive function: a comparison between younger and older OSAS patients. Sleep Med. 2008;9(2):112–120. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2007.03.014 PubMed DOI

D’Rozario AL, Hoyos CM, Wong KKH, et al. Improvements in cognitive function and quantitative sleep electroencephalogram in obstructive sleep apnea after six months of continuous positive airway pressure treatment. Sleep. 2022;45(6):zsac013. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac013 PubMed DOI PMC

Beebe DW, Gozal D. Obstructive sleep apnea and the prefrontal cortex: towards a comprehensive model linking nocturnal upper airway obstruction to daytime cognitive and behavioral deficits. J Sleep Res. 2002;11(1):1–16. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2002.00289.x PubMed DOI

Lezak M, Howieson D, Loring D. Neuropsychological Assessment. fourth ed. Oxford University Press; 2004.

Sforza E, Haba-Rubio J, De Bilbao F, Rochat T, Ibanez V. Performance vigilance task and sleepiness in patients with sleep-disordered breathing. Eur Respir J. 2004;24(2):279–285. doi:10.1183/09031936.04.00091903 PubMed DOI

Alvarez JA, Emory E. Executive function and the frontal lobes: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychol Rev. 2006;16(1):17–42. doi:10.1007/s11065-006-9002-x PubMed DOI

Mazza S, Pépin JL, Naëgelé B, Plante J, Deschaux C, Lévy P. Most obstructive sleep apnoea patients exhibit vigilance and attention deficits on an extended battery of tests. Eur Respir J. 2005;25(1):75–80. doi:10.1183/09031936.04.00011204 PubMed DOI

Olaithe M, Bucks RS. Executive dysfunction in OSA before and after treatment: a meta-analysis. Sleep. 2013;36(9):1297–1305. doi:10.5665/sleep.2950 PubMed DOI PMC

Tulek B, Atalay NB, Kanat F, Suerdem M. Attentional control is partially impaired in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Sleep Res. 2013;22(4):422–429. doi:10.1111/jsr.12038 PubMed DOI

Kilpinen R, Saunamäki T, Jehkonen M. Information processing speed in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a review. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014;129(4):209–218. doi:10.1111/ane.12211 PubMed DOI

Simões EN, Padilla CS, Bezerra MS, Schmidt SL. Analysis of attention subdomains in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:435. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00435 PubMed DOI PMC

Kong J, Zhou L, Li X, Ren Q. Sleep disorders affect cognitive function in adults: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Sleep Biol Rhythms. 2023;21:1–10. PubMed PMC

Naegele B, Pepin JL, Levy P, Bonnet C, Pellat J, Feuerstein C. Cognitive executive dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) after CPAP treatment. Sleep. 1998;21(4):392–397. doi:10.1093/sleep/21.4.392 PubMed DOI

Redline S, Tishler PV, Hans MG, Tosteson TD, Strohl KP, Spry K. Racial differences in sleep-disordered breathing in African-Americans and Caucasians [published correction appears in Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997 May;155(5):1820]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155(1):186–192. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.155.1.9001310 PubMed DOI

Vaessen TJ, Overeem S, Sitskoorn MM. Cognitive complaints in obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med Rev. 2015;19:51–58. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.008 PubMed DOI

Bédard MA, Montplaisir J, Malo J, Richer F, Rouleau I. Persistent neuropsychological deficits and vigilance impairment in sleep apnea syndrome after treatment with continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP). J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 1993;15(2):330–341. doi:10.1080/01688639308402567 PubMed DOI

Devita M, Zangrossi A, Marvisi M, Merlo P, Rusconi ML, Mondini S. Global cognitive profile and different components of reaction times in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: effects of continuous positive airway pressure over time. Int J Psychophysiol. 2018;123:121–126. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.10.003 PubMed DOI

Aloia MS, Ilniczky N, Di Dio P, Perlis ML, Greenblatt DW, Giles DE. Neuropsychological changes and treatment compliance in older adults with sleep apnea. J Psychosom Res. 2003;54(1):71–76. doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(02)00548-2 PubMed DOI

Tulving E, editor. Episodic and Semantic Memory in Organization of Memory. New York: Academic Press; 1972.

Greene NR, Naveh-Benjamin M. Adult age-related changes in the specificity of episodic memory representations: a review and theoretical framework [published online ahead of print, 2023 Feb 2]. Psychol Aging. 2023;38(2):67–86. doi:10.1037/pag0000724 PubMed DOI

Wallace A, Bucks RS. Memory and obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Sleep. 2013;36(2):203–220. doi:10.5665/sleep.2374 PubMed DOI PMC

Kloepfer C, Riemann D, Nofzinger EA, et al. Memory before and after sleep in patients with moderate obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2009;5(6):540–548. doi:10.5664/jcsm.27655 PubMed DOI PMC

Twigg GL, Papaioannou I, Jackson M, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with deficits in verbal but not visual memory. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(1):98–103. doi:10.1164/rccm.200901-0065OC PubMed DOI PMC

Loredo JS, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE. Effect of continuous positive airway pressure vs placebo continuous positive airway pressure on sleep quality in obstructive sleep apnea. Chest. 1999;116(6):1545–1549. doi:10.1378/chest.116.6.1545 PubMed DOI

Calik MW. Treatments for obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Outcomes Manag. 2016;23(4):181–192. PubMed PMC

Giles TL, Lasserson TJ, Smith BJ, White J, Wright J, Cates CJ. Continuous positive airways pressure for obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD001106. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001106.pub2 PubMed DOI

Povitz M, Bolo CE, Heitman SJ, Tsai WH, Wang J, James MT. Effect of treatment of obstructive sleep apnea on depressive symptoms: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2014;11(11):e1001762. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001762 PubMed DOI PMC

Muñoz A, Mayoralas LR, Barbé F, Pericás J, Agusti AG. Long-term effects of CPAP on daytime functioning in patients with sleep apnoea syndrome. Eur Respir J. 2000;15(4):676–681. doi:10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15d09.x PubMed DOI

Schwartz DJ, Kohler WC, Karatinos G. Symptoms of depression in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea may be amenable to treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Chest. 2005;128(3):1304–1309. doi:10.1378/chest.128.3.1304 PubMed DOI

Montserrat JM, Ferrer M, Hernandez L, et al. Effectiveness of CPAP treatment in daytime function in sleep apnea syndrome: a randomized controlled study with an optimized placebo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164(4):608–613. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.164.4.2006034 PubMed DOI

Bardwell WA, Ancoli-Israel S, Berry CC, Dimsdale JE. Neuropsychological effects of one-week continuous positive airway pressure treatment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: a placebo-controlled study. Psychosom Med. 2001;63(4):579–584. doi:10.1097/00006842-200107000-00010 PubMed DOI

Lau EY, Eskes GA, Morrison DL, Rajda M, Spurr KF. Executive function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with continuous positive airway pressure [published correction appears in J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2011 Mar;17(2):382]. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2010;16(6):1077–1088. doi:10.1017/S1355617710000901 PubMed DOI

Heinzer R, Gaudreau H, Décary A, et al. Slow-wave activity in sleep apnea patients before and after continuous positive airway pressure treatment: contribution to daytime sleepiness. Chest. 2001;119(6):1807–1813. doi:10.1378/chest.119.6.1807 PubMed DOI

Morisson F, Décary A, Petit D, Lavigne G, Malo J, Montplaisir J. Daytime sleepiness and EEG spectral analysis in apneic patients before and after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Chest. 2001;119(1):45–52. doi:10.1378/chest.119.1.45 PubMed DOI

Weaver TE, Maislin G, Dinges DF, et al. Relationship between hours of CPAP use and achieving normal levels of sleepiness and daily functioning. Sleep. 2007;30(6):711–719. doi:10.1093/sleep/30.6.711 PubMed DOI PMC

Costa YS, Lim ASP, Thorpe KE, et al. Investigating changes in cognition associated with the use of CPAP in cognitive impairment and dementia: a retrospective study. Sleep Med. 2023;101:437–444. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.11.037 PubMed DOI

Pretl M, Hobzová M, Honnerová M, et al. Indikační kritéria pro léčbu poruch dýchání ve spánku pomocí přetlaku v dýchacích cestách u dospělých Dokument České společnosti pro výzkum spánku a spánkovou medicínu. [Indication criteria for the treatment of sleep-disordered breathing using excess pressure in the airways in adults Document of the Czech Society for Sleep Research and Sleep Medicine]. Neurologie pro praxis. 2013;14(1):38–41.

Storch EA, Roberti JW, Roth DA. Factor structure, concurrent validity, and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition in a sample of college students. Depress Anxiety. 2004;19(3):187–189. doi:10.1002/da.20002 PubMed DOI

Preiss M, Vacir K. Beckova sebeposuzovací škála depresivity pro dospělé – BDI-II [Beck self-report depression scale for adults – BDI-II]. Brno: Psychodiagnostika; 1999.

Ociskova M, Prasko J, Kupka M, et al. Psychometric evaluation of the Czech Beck Depression Inventory-II in a sample of depressed patients and healthy controls. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2017;38(2):98–106. PubMed

Kamaradova D, Prasko J, Latalova K, et al. Psychometric properties of the Czech version of the Beck Anxiety Inventory - comparison between diagnostic groups. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2015;36(7):706–712. PubMed

Bates ME, Lemay EP. The d2 Test of attention: construct validity and extensions in scoring techniques. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2004;10(3):392–400. doi:10.1017/S135561770410307X PubMed DOI

Brickenkamp R, Zillmer E. Test pozornosti - d2, 1. české vydání, Testcentrum, Praha, přeložil a upravil Balcar K [Attention test - d2, 1st Czech edition, Testcentrum, Praha, tranlasted and edited by Balcar K]; 2000. Czech.

Steinborn MB, Langner R, Flehmig HC, Huestegge L. Methodology of performance scoring in the d2 sustained-attention test: cumulative-reliability functions and practical guidelines. Psychol Assess. 2018;30(3):339–357. doi:10.1037/pas0000482 PubMed DOI

Bowie CR, Harvey PD. Administration and interpretation of the Trail Making Test. Nat Protoc. 2006;1(5):2277–2281. doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.390 PubMed DOI

Bezdicek O, Motak L, Axelrod BN, et al. Czech version of the Trail Making Test: normative data and clinical utility. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2012;27(8):906–914. doi:10.1093/arclin/acs084 PubMed DOI

Federmeier KD, Kutas M, Schul R. Age-related and individual differences in the use of prediction during language comprehension. Brain Lang. 2010;115(3):149–161. doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.07.006 PubMed DOI PMC

Zhao Q, Guo Q, Hong Z. Clustering and switching during a semantic verbal fluency test contribute to differential diagnosis of cognitive impairment. Neurosci Bull. 2013;29(1):75–82. doi:10.1007/s12264-013-1301-7 PubMed DOI PMC

Nikolai T, Bezdicek O, Markova H, et al. Semantic verbal fluency impairment is detectable in patients with subjective cognitive decline. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2018;25(5):448–457. doi:10.1080/23279095.2017.1326047 PubMed DOI

Johns MW. A new method for measuring daytime sleepiness: the Epworth sleepiness scale. Sleep. 1991;14(6):540–545. doi:10.1093/sleep/14.6.540 PubMed DOI

Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, et al. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998;59(Suppl 20):22–57. PubMed

Amorim P. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): validação de entrevista breve para diagnóstico de transtornos mentains. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria. 2000;22(3):106–115. doi:10.1590/S1516-44462000000300003 DOI

Genzor S, Prasko J, Vanek J, Asswad AG, Nadjarpour S, Sova M. Adherence of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome patients to positive airway pressure therapy - 10-year follow-up. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 2022;166(4):441–446. doi:10.5507/bp.2021.041 PubMed DOI

Jackson-Koku G. Beck depression inventory. Occup Med. 2016;66(2):174–175. doi:10.1093/occmed/kqv087 PubMed DOI

Iacono Isidoro S, Salvaggio A, Lo Bue A, Romano S, Marrone O, Insalaco G. Immediate effect of CPAP titration on perceived health related quality of life: a prospective observational study. BMC Pulm Med. 2016;16(1):172. doi:10.1186/s12890-016-0336-8 PubMed DOI PMC

Hobzova M, Hubackova L, Vanek J, et al. Cognitive function and depressivity before and after cpap treatment in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2017;38(3):145–153. PubMed

Rezaeitalab F, Moharrari F, Saberi S, Asadpour H, Rezaeetalab F. The correlation of anxiety and depression with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. J Res Med Sci. 2014;19(3):205–210. PubMed PMC

Tombaugh TN. Trail Making Test A and B: normative data stratified by age and education. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2004;19(2):203–214. doi:10.1016/S0887-6177(03)00039-8 PubMed DOI

Meurice JC, Marc I, Sériès F. Efficacy of auto-CPAP in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153(2):794–798. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.153.2.8564134 PubMed DOI

Montplaisir J, Bédard MA, Richer F, Rouleau I. Neurobehavioral manifestations in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and after treatment with continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep. 1992;15(6 Suppl):S17–S19. doi:10.1093/sleep/15.suppl_6.s17 PubMed DOI

Kylstra WA, Aaronson JA, Hofman WF, Schmand BA. Neuropsychological functioning after CPAP treatment in obstructive sleep apnea: a meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2013;17(5):341–347. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.09.002 PubMed DOI

Parker JL, Appleton SL, Melaku YA, et al. Sleep macroarchitecture but not obstructive sleep apnea is independently associated with cognitive function in only older men of a population-based cohort. J Sleep Res. 2021;30(6):e13370. doi:10.1111/jsr.13370 PubMed DOI

Gelir E, Başaran C, Bayrak S, et al. Electrophysiological assessment of the effects of obstructive sleep apnea on cognition. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e90647. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090647 PubMed DOI PMC

Saunamäki T, Jehkonen M. A review of executive functions in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand. 2007;115(1):1–11. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00744.x PubMed DOI

Bawden FC, Oliveira CA, Caramelli P. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea on cognitive performance. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2011;69(4):585–589. doi:10.1590/s0004-282x2011000500003 PubMed DOI

Kotterba S, Rasche K, Widdig W, et al. Neuropsychological investigations and event-related potentials in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome before and during CPAP-therapy. J Neurol Sci. 1998;159(1):45–50. doi:10.1016/s0022-510x(98)00131-2 PubMed DOI

Angelelli P, Macchitella L, Toraldo DM, et al. The neuropsychological profile of attention deficits of patients with obstructive sleep apnea: an update on the daytime attentional impairment. Brain Sci. 2020;10(6):325. doi:10.3390/brainsci10060325 PubMed DOI PMC

Nakamura ZM, Nash RP, Laughon SL, Rosenstein DL. Neuropsychiatric Complications of COVID-19. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2021;23(5):25. doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01237-9 PubMed DOI PMC

Zobrazit více v PubMed

ClinicalTrials.gov
NCT03866161