Geothermal energy installations are becoming increasingly common in new city developments and renovations. With a broad range of technological applications and improvements in this field, the demand for suitable monitoring technologies and control processes for geothermal energy installations is also growing. This article identifies opportunities for the future development and deployment of IoT sensors applied to geothermal energy installations. The first part of the survey describes the technologies and applications of various sensor types. Sensors that monitor temperature, flow rate and other mechanical parameters are presented with a technological background and their potential applications. The second part of the article surveys Internet-of-Things (IoT), communication technology and cloud solutions applicable to geothermal energy monitoring, with a focus on IoT node designs, data transmission technologies and cloud services. Energy harvesting technologies and edge computing methods are also reviewed. The survey concludes with a discussion of research challenges and an outline of new areas of application for monitoring geothermal installations and innovating technologies to produce IoT sensor solutions.

Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering VSB Technical University of Ostrava 708 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

Department of Electronics Engineering Kaunas University of Technology 44249 Kaunas Lithuania

Department of Geotechnics and Underground Engineering VSB Technical University of Ostrava 708 00 Ostrava Czech Republic

School of Technology and Innovations University of Vaasa 65200 Vaasa Finland

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