Healing of dense regular connective tissue, due to a high fiber-to-cell ratio and low metabolic activity and regeneration potential, frequently requires surgical implantation or reconstruction with high risk of reinjury. An alternative to synthetic implants is using bioscaffolds obtained through decellularization, a process where the aim is to extract cells from the tissue while preserving the tissue-specific native molecular structure of the ECM. Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other various extracellular molecules are largely involved in differentiation, proliferation, vascularization and collagen fibers deposit, making them the crucial processes in tissue regeneration. Because of the multiple possible forms of cell extraction, there is no standardized protocol in dense regular connective tissue (DRCT). Many modifications of the structure, shape and composition of the bioscaffold have also been described to improve the therapeutic result following the implantation of decellularized connective tissue. The available data provide a valuable source of crucial information. However, the wide spectrum of decellularization makes it important to understand the key aspects of bioscaffolds relative to their potential use in tissue regeneration.

Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University Hospital and Masaryk University 601 77 Brno Czech Republic

Department of Toxicology Poznan University of Medical Sciences 60 631 Poznan Poland

Department of Veterinary Surgery Institute of Veterinary Medicine Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun 87 100 Torun Poland

Division of Anatomy Department of Human Morphology and Embryology Wroclaw Medical University 50 368 Wroclaw Poland

Physiolgy Graduate Faculty North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA

Prestage Department of Poultry Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695 USA

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