Love is a phenomenon that occurs across the world and affects many aspects of human life, including the choice of, and process of bonding with, a romantic partner. Thus, developing a reliable and valid measure of love experiences is crucial. One of the most popular tools to quantify love is Sternberg's 45-item Triangular Love Scale (TLS-45), which measures three love components: intimacy, passion, and commitment. However, our literature review reveals that most studies (64%) use a broad variety of shortened versions of the TLS-45. Here, aiming to achieve scientific consensus and improve the reliability, comparability, and generalizability of results across studies, we developed a short version of the scale-the TLS-15-comprised of 15 items with 5-point, rather than 9-point, response scales. In Study 1 (N = 7,332), we re-analyzed secondary data from a large-scale multinational study that validated the original TLS-45 to establish whether the scale could be truncated. In Study 2 (N = 307), we provided evidence for the three-factor structure of the TLS-15 and its reliability. Study 3 (N = 413) confirmed convergent validity and test-retest stability of the TLS-15. Study 4 (N = 60,311) presented a large-scale validation across 37 linguistic versions of the TLS-15 on a cross-cultural sample spanning every continent of the globe. The overall results provide support for the reliability, validity, and cross-cultural invariance of the TLS-15, which can be used as a measure of love components-either separately or jointly as a three-factor measure.

Center for Psychology at the University of Porto University of Porto Porto Portugal

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage University of Lyon Lyon France

Cognition Langues Langage and Ergonomie University of Toulouse Toulouse France

Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory University of Stavanger Stavanger Norway

Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences Chapman University Orange CA USA

Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile

Department of Anthropology Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Hatay Turkey

Department of Anthropology İstanbul University İstanbul Turkey

Department of Applied Psychology National University of Modern Languages Islamabad Pakistan

Department of Art Studies Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran

Department of Child and Family Studies Kyung Hee University Seoul Republic of Korea

Department of Child and Family Studies Yonsei University Seoul Korea

Department of Education and Psychology The Open University of Israel Raanana Israel

Department of Education International University of Valencia Valencia Spain

Department of Experimental Psychology Institute of Psychology University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil

Department of Humanities Icam School of Engineering Toulouse Campus Toulouse Cedex France

Department of Marketing Management and Public Relations Faculty of Organizational Sciences University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Department of Organization Management and Human Resources ESSCA School of Management Paris France

Department of Pedagogy and Psychology Kuban State University Krasnodar Russia

Department of Pedagogy University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland

Department of Political Science University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas NV USA

Department of Professional Psychology Bahria University Islamabad Pakistan

Department of Psychiatry Ibn Omrane Razi Hospital Manouba Tunisia

Department of Psychology Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu Alike Nigeria

Department of Psychology and Communication Texas A and M International University Laredo TX USA

Department of Psychology and Counselling Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Kampar Malaysia

Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences University Mohamed Lamine Debaghine Setif2 Setif Algeria

Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy Witten Herdecke University Witten Germany

Department of Psychology Centro Interdisciplinario de Psicología Matemática y Experimental Buenos Aires Argentina

Department of Psychology Cornell University Ithaca NY USA

Department of Psychology Faculty of Arts Pavol Jozef Šafárik University in Košice Košice Slovakia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Arts University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences J J Strossmayer University of Osijek Osijek Croatia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Rijeka Rijeka Croatia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Law and Business Studies Dr Lazar Vrkatić Union University Novi Sad Serbia

Department of Psychology Faculty of Philosophy University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia

Department of Psychology Ivan Franko National University of Lviv Lviv Ukraine

Department of Psychology Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia

Department of Psychology İzmir University of Economics İzmir Turkey

Department of Psychology Japan Women's University Tokyo Japan

Department of Psychology Manisa Celal Bayar University Manisa Turkey

Department of Psychology Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway

Department of Psychology Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Department of Psychology Ss Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje Skopje Republic of North Macedonia

Department of Psychology University of Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina

Department of Psychology University of Crete Rethymno Greece

Department of Psychology University of Santo Tomas Manila Philippines

Department of Psychology University of Ss Cyril and Methodius Trnava Slovakia

Department of Psychology Yasar University İzmir Turkey

Department of Psychosocial Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway

Department of Strategy and Management University of Agder Kristiansand Norway

Department of Strategy University of Agder Kristiansand Norway

Division of Psychology University of Stirling Stirling UK

ENES Bioacoustics Research Lab Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon University of Jean Monnet Saint Étienne Saint Étienne France

Escuela de Psicología Universidad Católica del Norte Antofagasta Chile

Faculty of Humanities and Education Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña Santo Domingo Dominican Republic

Faculty of Medicine of Tunis Tunis El Manar University Tunis Tunisia

Faculty of Psychology Saint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg Russia

Faculty of Social Sciences Ghent University Ghent Belgium

IDN Being Human Lab University of Wrocław Dawida 1 50 529 Wrocław Poland

Institute of Education and Research Women University Mardan Mardan Pakistan

Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making University of Haifa Haifa Israel

Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience Department of Psychological Medicine King's College London London UK

Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic

Institute of Psychology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

Institute of Psychology University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland

Institute of Psychology Vilnius University Vilnius Lithuania

Institute of Sport Professions University of Ibn Tofail Kenitra Morocco

Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale Université Paris Cité Paris France

Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts Skopje North Macedonia

Psychological Counseling and Guidance Mef University İstanbul Turkey

Psychology Career Salesian Polytechnic University Quito Ecuador

School of Archaeology and Anthropology ANU College of Arts and Social Sciences The Australian National University Canberra Australia

School of Education Universiti Utara Malaysia Sintok Malaysia

School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia

School of Psychology Central University of Venezuela Caracas Venezuela

School of Psychology University of Waikato Tauranga New Zealand

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Arch Sex Behav. 2024 Feb;53(2):859-861. doi: 10.1007/s10508-023-02751-y. PubMed

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Exploring Attitudes Toward "Sugar Relationships" Across 87 Countries: A Global Perspective on Exchanges of Resources for Sex and Companionship

Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries