The current study investigates attitudes toward one form of sex for resources: the so-called sugar relationships, which often involve exchanges of resources for sex and/or companionship. The present study examined associations among attitudes toward sugar relationships and relevant variables (e.g., sex, sociosexuality, gender inequality, parasitic exposure) in 69,924 participants across 87 countries. Two self-report measures of Acceptance of Sugar Relationships (ASR) developed for younger companion providers (ASR-YWMS) and older resource providers (ASR-OMWS) were translated into 37 languages. We tested cross-sex and cross-linguistic construct equivalence, cross-cultural invariance in sex differences, and the importance of the hypothetical predictors of ASR. Both measures showed adequate psychometric properties in all languages (except the Persian version of ASR-YWMS). Results partially supported our hypotheses and were consistent with previous theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on human mating. For example, at the individual level, sociosexual orientation, traditional gender roles, and pathogen prevalence were significant predictors of both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS. At the country level, gender inequality and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. However, being a woman negatively predicted the ASR-OMWS, but positively predicted the ASR-YWMS. At country-level, ingroup favoritism and parasite stress positively predicted the ASR-OMWS. Furthermore, significant cross-subregional differences were found in the openness to sugar relationships (both ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS scores) across subregions. Finally, significant differences were found between ASR-YWMS and ASR-OMWS when compared in each subregion. The ASR-YWMS was significantly higher than the ASR-OMWS in all subregions, except for Northern Africa and Western Asia.

Carrera de Psicología Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Quito Ecuador

Center for Sociocultural Research HSE University Moscow Russian Federation

Ciipme Conicet Buenos Aires Argentina

Clinical Addiction Research Unit Lund University Malmö Sweden

CLLE Université de Toulouse Toulouse France

Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Lab University of Stavanger Stavanger Norway

Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences Chapman University Orange CA USA

Departament of Humanities Icam Toulouse France

Departament of Psychology University of Porto Porto Portugal

Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile

Departement of Psychology and Educational Sciences Mohamed Lamine Debaghine University Setif2 Setif Algeria

Department of Administration Getúlio Vargas Foundation Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Department of Anthropology Hatay Mustafa Kemal University Hatay Turkey

Department of Anthropology Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey

Department of Art Studies Tarbiat Modares University Tehran Iran

Department of Business Administration University of Zurich Zurich Switzerland

Department of Child and Family Studies Yonsei University Seoul Korea

Department of Developmental and Social Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy

Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology and Health Studies Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy

Department of Education International University of Valencia Valencia Spain

Department of Education Languages Interculture Literatures and Psychology University of Florence Florence Italy

Department of Environmental Ecology and Landscape Management Comenius University Bratislava Slovakia

Department of Experimental Psychology Ghent University Ghent Belgium

Department of General Experimental and Genetic Psychology Sofia University Sofia Bulgaria

Department of Health and Physical Education Thaksin University Songkhla Thailand

Department of Management University of Agder Kristiansand Norway

Department of Marketing Management and Public Relations Faculty of Organizational Sciences University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia

Department of Neurosciences and Developmental Biology University of Vienna Vienna Austria

Department of Pedagogy and Psychology Kuban State University Krasnodar Russian Federation

Department of Primary Education National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens Greece

Department of Professional Psychology Bahria University Islamabad Pakistan

Department of Psychological Counseling and Guidance Mef University Istanbul Turkey

Department of Psychology and Counselling Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman Kampar Malaysia

Department of Psychology Center For Research On Biological Basis of Social Behavior SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warsaw Poland

Department of Psychology Faculty of Legal and Business Studies Dr Lazar Vrkatić Union University Novi Sad Serbia

Department of Psychology Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Tbilisi Georgia

Department of Psychology Izmir University of Economics İzmir Turkey

Department of Psychology Manisa Celal Bayar University Manisa Turkey

Department of Psychology Neapolis University Pafos Paphos Cyprus

Department of Psychology Pamukkale University Denizli Turkey

Department of Psychology Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

Department of Psychology Saint Petersburg State University Saint Petersburg Russian Federation

Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome Rome Italy

Department of Psychology Universidad del Norte Puerto Colombia Colombia

Department of Psychology University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada

Department of Psychology University of Georgia Tbilisi Georgia

Department of Psychology University of Santo Tomas Manila Philippines

Department of Psychology University of Sarajevo Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina

Department of Psychology Yaşar University İzmir Turkey

Department of Psychosocial Science University of Bergen Bergen Norway

Department of Social Psychology University of Porto Porto Portugal

Department of Theoretical and Practical Psychology Kazakh National Women's Pedagogical University Almaty Kazakhstan

Division of Psychology School of Education and Social Sciences University of the West of Scotland Paisley Scotland UK

Education Universidad Internacional de Valencia Valencia Spain

Educational Psychology Program University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL USA

ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

ENES Bioacoustics Research Lab CRNL CNRS Insern University of Saint Etienne Saint Etienne France

Escuela de Psicología Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Ambato Ambato Ecuador

Escuela de Psicología Universidad Católica del Norte Antofagasta Chile

Faculty of Arts Psychology and Theology Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland

Faculty of Psychology Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Medellín Colombia

Faculty of Social Sciences Imec Mict Ghent University Ghent Belgium

HSE University Moscow Russian Federation

Idepartment of Sociologie University of Ibn Tofail Kenitra Morocco

IDN Human Being Lab University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland

Institute of Education and Research Women University Mardan Mardan Pakistan

Institute of Pedagogy University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland

Institute of Psychology ELTE Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary

Institute of Psychology Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Pécs Pecs 7624 Hungary

Institute of Psychology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia

Institute of Psychology University of Wrocław Wrocław Poland

Institute of Sports Professions Ibn Tofail University Kenitra Morocco

Institute of Zoology Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava Slovakia

Interdisciplinary Research Team on Internet and Society Faculty of Social Studies Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic

Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts Skopje North Macedonia

Mental Health Gulu University Gulu Uganda

Political Science University of Nevada Las Vegas Las Vegas NV USA

Psychological Set Research and Correction Center Tbilisi State Medical University Tbilisi Georgia

Psychology and Counselling Prince of Songkla University Pattani Thailand

School of Education Universiti Utara Malaysia Kedah Malaysia

School of Psychological Sciences National Autonomous University of Honduras Tegucigalpa Honduras

School of Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia

School of Psychology Central University of Venezuela Caracas Venezuela

School of Psychology University of New South Wales Sydney Australia

School of Psychology University of Sydney Sydney Australia

School of Psychology University of Waikato Tauranga New Zealand

Work and Social Psychology Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands

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