Principles of Palliative and Supportive Care in Pancreatic Cancer: A Review
Status PubMed-not-MEDLINE Jazyk angličtina Země Švýcarsko Médium electronic
Typ dokumentu časopisecké články, přehledy
PubMed
37893064
PubMed Central
PMC10603964
DOI
10.3390/biomedicines11102690
PII: biomedicines11102690
Knihovny.cz E-zdroje
- Klíčová slova
- palliative care, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, supportive care,
- Publikační typ
- časopisecké články MeSH
- přehledy MeSH
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is well known for its poor survival time. Clinical symptoms are painless jaundice or abdominal or back pain. Less specific symptoms often appear that make diagnosis difficult, e.g., weight loss, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, and general weakness. Only 10-20% of patients are diagnosed at an early stage. A cure is practically only possible with a radical surgical operation. In the case of locally advanced findings, neoadjuvant therapy is administered. Among the therapeutic options offered are chemotherapy, radiotherapy (including stereotactic radiotherapy-SBRT), targeted treatment, or immunotherapy. In the case of metastatic disease, of which more than half are present at diagnosis, the goal is to relieve the patient of problems. Metastatic PDAC can cause problems arising from the localization of distant metastases, but it also locally affects the organs it infiltrates. In our review article, we focus on the largest group of patients, those with locally advanced disease and metastatic disease-symptoms related to the infiltration or destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma and the growth of the tumor into the surrounding. Therefore, we deal with biliary or duodenal obstruction, gastric outlet syndrome, bleeding and thromboembolic diseases, pain, depression, and fatigue, as well as pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and malnutrition. Metastatic spread is most often to the liver, peritoneum, or lungs. The presented overview aims to offer current therapeutic options across disciplines. In accordance with modern oncology, a multidisciplinary approach with a procedure tailored to the specific patient remains the gold standard.
Zobrazit více v PubMed
Cascinu S., Falconi M., Valentini V., Jelic S., Group E.G.W. Pancreatic cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diag-nosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 2010;21((Suppl. S5)):v55–v58. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdq165. PubMed DOI
Lang J., Kunovský L., Kala Z., Trna J. Risk factors of pancreatic cancer and their possible uses in diagnostics. Neoplasma. 2021;68:227–239. doi: 10.4149/neo_2020_200706N699. PubMed DOI
Bazzichetto C., Conciatori F., Luchini C., Simionato F., Santoro R., Vaccaro V., Corbo V., Falcone I., Ferretti G., Cognetti F., et al. From Genetic Alterations to Tumor Microenvironment: The Ariadne’s String in Pancreatic Cancer. Cells. 2020;9:309. doi: 10.3390/cells9020309. PubMed DOI PMC
Basturk O., Hong S.M., Wood L.D., Adsay N.V., Albores-Saavedra J., Biankin A.V., Brosens L.A., Fukushima N., Goggins M., Hruban R.H., et al. A Revised Classification System and Recommendations from the Baltimore Consensus Meeting for Neoplastic Precursor Lesions in the Pancreas. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 2015;39:1730–1741. doi: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000533. PubMed DOI PMC
Søreide K., Ismail W., Roalsø M., Ghotbi J., Zaharia C. Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer: Clinical Premonitions, Timely Precursor Detection and Increased Curative-Intent Surgery. Cancer Control. 2023;30:10732748231154711. doi: 10.1177/10732748231154711. PubMed DOI PMC
Kunovsky L., Tesarikova P., Kala Z., Kroupa R., Kysela P., Dolina J., Trna J. The Use of Biomarkers in Early Diagnostics of Pancreatic Cancer. Can. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2018;2018:5389820. doi: 10.1155/2018/5389820. PubMed DOI PMC
Park W., Chawla A., O’Reilly E.M. Pancreatic Cancer. A Review. JAMA. 2021;326:851–862. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.13027. PubMed DOI PMC
Tonini V., Zanni M. Pancreatic cancer in 2021: What you need to know to win. WJG. 2021;27:5851–5889. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i35.5851. PubMed DOI PMC
Strasberg S.M., Gao F., Sanford D., Linehan D.C., Hawkins W.G., Fields R., Carpenter D.H., Brunt E.M., Phillips C. Jaundice: An important, poorly recognized risk factor for diminished survival in patients with adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas. HPB. 2014;16:150–156. doi: 10.1111/hpb.12094. PubMed DOI PMC
Miquel M., Zhang S., Pilarsky C. Pre-clinical Models of Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2021;9:748631. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.748631. PubMed DOI PMC
Nehme F., Lee J.H. Preoperative biliary drainage for pancreatic cancer. Dig. Endosc. 2022;34:428–438. doi: 10.1111/den.14081. PubMed DOI
Tavakkoli A., Elmunzer B.J., Waljee A.K., Murphy C.C., Pruitt S.L., Zhu H., Rong R., Kwon R.S., Scheiman J.M., Rubenstein J.H., et al. Survival analysis among unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients undergoing endoscopic or percutaneous interventions. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2021;93:154–162. doi: 10.1016/j.gie.2020.05.061. PubMed DOI PMC
Kumar N., Jena A., Sharma V., Shukla S., Shah J. Outcome of metal vs. plastic stents for biliary obstruction in patients with pancreatic carcinoma undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Hepato-Biliary-Pancreat. Sci. 2022;30:419–428. doi: 10.1002/jhbp.1240. PubMed DOI
Sato T., Nakai Y., Fujishiro M. Current endoscopic approaches to biliary strictures. Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol. 2022;38:450–460. doi: 10.1097/MOG.0000000000000857. PubMed DOI
Iwashita T., Uemura S., Yoshida K., Mita N., Tezuka R., Yasuda I., Shimizu M. EUS-guided hybrid rendezvous technique as salvage for standard rendezvous with intra-hepatic bile duct approach. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0202445. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202445. PubMed DOI PMC
Paik W.H., Park D.H. EUS-Guided Versus ERCP-Guided Biliary Drainage for Primary Treatment of Distal Malignant Biliary Obstruction. Curr. Treat. Opt. Gastroenterol. 2020;18:188–199. doi: 10.1007/s11938-020-00282-2. DOI
Hayat U., Bakker C., Dirweesh A., Khan M., Adler D., Okut H., Leul N., Bilal M., Siddiqui A. EUS-guided versus percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography biliary drainage for obstructed distal malignant biliary strictures in patients who have failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Endosc. Ultrasound. 2022;11:4–16. doi: 10.4103/EUS-D-21-00009. PubMed DOI PMC
Vanella G. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage and gastrointestinal anastomoses: The journey from promising innovations to standard of care. Ann. Gastroenterol. 2022;35:441–451. doi: 10.20524/aog.2022.0736. PubMed DOI PMC
Nakai Y., Smith Z., Chang K.J., Dua K.S. Advanced Endoscopic Techniques for the Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer and Management of Biliary and GastricOutlet Obstruction. Surg. Oncol. Clin. N. Am. 2021;30:639–656. doi: 10.1016/j.soc.2021.06.005. PubMed DOI
McGrath C., Tsang A., Nithianandan H., Nguyen E., Bauer P., Dennis K. Malignant Gastric Outlet Obstruction from Pancreatic Cancer. Case Rep. Gastroenterol. 2017;11:511–515. doi: 10.1159/000480070. PubMed DOI PMC
Ciambella C.C., Beard R.E., Miner T.J. Current role of palliative interventions in advanced pancreatic cancer. World J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2018;10:75–83. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v10.i7.75. PubMed DOI PMC
Koop A.H., Palmer W.C., Stancampiano F.F. Gastric outlet obstruction: A red flag, potentially manageable. Clevel. Clin. J. Med. 2019;86:345–353. doi: 10.3949/ccjm.86a.18035. PubMed DOI
Cominardi A., Tamanini G., Brighi N., Fusaroli P., Lisotti A. Conservative management of malignant gastric outlet obstruction syndrome-evidence based evaluation of endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroentero-anastomosis. World J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 2021;13:1086–1098. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i9.1086. PubMed DOI PMC
Orr J., Lockwood R., Gamboa A., Slaughter J.C., Obstein K.L., Yachimski P. Enteral Stents for Malignant Gastric Outlet Obstruction: Low Reintervention Rates for Obstruction due to Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Versus Other Etiologies. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2021;25:720–727. doi: 10.1007/s11605-019-04512-6. PubMed DOI
Hong J., Chen Y., Li J., Hu P., Chen P., Du N., Huang T., Chen J. Comparison of gastrojejunostomy to endoscopic stenting for gastric outlet obstruction: An updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am. J. Surg. 2022;223:1067–1078. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.10.038. PubMed DOI
Chang K.-B., Ye B.-W., Chou C.-K., Lee I.-C., Li C.-P., Chao Y., Huang Y.-H., Hou M.-C., Lee K.-C. Outcomes of enteral metallic stent in patients with pancreatic carcinoma and gastric outlet obstruction: A single center experience. J. Formos. Med. Assoc. 2020;119:238–246. doi: 10.1016/j.jfma.2019.05.002. PubMed DOI
Troncone E., Fugazza A., Cappello A., Blanco G.D.V., Monteleone G., Repici A., Teoh A.Y.B., Anderloni A. Malignant gastric outlet obstruction: Which is the best therapeutic option? World J. Gastroenterol. 2020;26:1847–1860. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i16.1847. PubMed DOI PMC
Vanella G., Bronswijk M., van Wanrooij R.L., Dell’Anna G., Laleman W., van Malenstein H., Voermans R.P., Fockens P., Van der Merwe S., Arcidiacono P.G. Combined endoscopic mAnagement of BiliaRy and gastrIc OutLET obstruction (CABRIOLET Study): A multicenter retrospective analysis. DEN Open. 2023;3:e132. doi: 10.1002/deo2.132. PubMed DOI PMC
Frere C., Bournet B., Gourgou S., Fraisse J., Canivet C., Connors J.M., Buscail L., Farge D., Bournet B., Canivet C., et al. Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Pancreatic Cancer and Factors Associated with Outcomes. Gastroenterology. 2020;158:1346–1358. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.009. PubMed DOI
Campello E., Ilich A., Simioni P., Key N.S. The relationship between pancreatic cancer and hypercoagulability: A comprehensive review on epidemiological and biological issues. Br. J. Cancer. 2019;121:359–371. doi: 10.1038/s41416-019-0510-x. PubMed DOI PMC
Farge D., Frere C., Connors J.M., Khorana A.A., Kakkar A., Ay C., Muñoz A., Brenner B., Prata P.H., Brilhante D., et al. 2022 international clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer, including patients with COVID-19. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23:e334–e347. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00160-7. PubMed DOI PMC
Gervaso L., Dave H., Khorana A.A. Venous and Arterial Thromboembolism in Patients with Cancer. JACC CardioOncol. 2021;3:173–190. doi: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2021.03.001. PubMed DOI PMC
Takada R., Ioka T., Sueyoshi H., Ishida N., Yamai T., Fukutake N., Ashida R., Uehara H., Takenaka A., Tomita Y., et al. Duodenal Hemorrhage from Pancreatic Cancer Infiltration Controlled through Combination Therapy with Gemcitabine and S-1. Case Rep. Gastroenterol. 2014;8:221–226. doi: 10.1159/000364819. PubMed DOI PMC
Kamposioras K., Geraghty J., Appleyard J., Dawod M., Papadimitriou K., Lamarca A., Anthoney A. Pancreaticobiliary Malignancies in the Emergency Room: Management of Acute Complications and Oncological Emergencies. J. Gastrointest. Cancer. 2022;53:1050–1065. doi: 10.1007/s12029-021-00718-7. PubMed DOI PMC
Lohse I., Brothers S.P. Pathogenesis and Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer Related Pain. Anticancer Res. 2020;40:1789–1796. doi: 10.21873/anticanres.14133. PubMed DOI PMC
Coveler A.L., Mizrahi J., Eastman B.M., Apisarnthanarax S., Dalal S., McNearney T., Pant S. Pancreas Cancer-Associated Pain Management. Oncologist. 2021;26:e971–e982. doi: 10.1002/onco.13796. PubMed DOI PMC
Moeschler S.M., Rosenberg C., Trainor D., Rho R.H., Mauck W.D. Interventional Modalities to Treat Cancer-Related Pain. Hosp. Pract. 2014;42:14–23. doi: 10.3810/hp.2014.12.1155. PubMed DOI
Hanks G.W., de Conno F., Cherny N., Hanna M., Kalso E., McQuay H.J., Mercadante S., Meynadier J., Poulain P., Ripamonti C., et al. Morphine and alternative opioids in cancer pain: The EAPC recommendations. Br. J. Cancer. 2001;84:587–593. doi: 10.1054/bjoc.2001.1680. PubMed DOI PMC
Lahoud M.J., Kourie H.R., Antoun J., El Osta L., Ghosn M. Road map for pain management in pancreatic cancer: A review. World J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 2016;8:599–606. doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v8.i8.599. PubMed DOI PMC
Hameed M., Hameed H., Erdek M. Pain Management in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers. 2010;3:43–60. doi: 10.3390/cancers3010043. PubMed DOI PMC
Buwenge M., Macchia G., Arcelli A., Frakulli R., Fuccio L., Guerri S., Grassi E., Cammelli S., Cellini F., Morganti A. Stereotactic radiotherapy of pancreatic cancer: A systematic review on pain relief. J. Pain Res. 2018;11:2169–2178. doi: 10.2147/JPR.S167994. PubMed DOI PMC
Drewes A.M., Campbell C.M., Ceyhan G.O., Delhaye M., Garg P.K., van Goor H., Laquente B., Morlion B., Olesen S.S., Singh V.K., et al. Pain in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A multidisciplinary, International guideline for optimized management. Pancreatology. 2018;18:446–457. doi: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.04.008. PubMed DOI
Kamata K., Kinoshita M., Kinoshita I., Imai H., Ogura T., Matsumoto H., Minaga K., Chiba Y., Takenaka M., Kudo M., et al. Efficacy of EUS-guided celiac plexus neurolysis in combination with EUS-guided celiac ganglia neurolysis for pancreatic cancer-associated pain: A multicenter prospective trial. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 2022;27:1196–1201. doi: 10.1007/s10147-022-02160-6. PubMed DOI
Schmidt-Hansen M., Bromham N., Taubert M., Arnold S., Hilgart J.S. Buprenorphine for treating cancer pain. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2015;2018:CD009596. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009596.pub4. PubMed DOI PMC
Choi T.-Y., Lee M.S., Kim T.-H., Zaslawski C., Ernst E. Acupuncture for the treatment of cancer pain: A systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Support. Care Cancer. 2012;20:1147–1158. doi: 10.1007/s00520-012-1432-9. PubMed DOI
Montgomery G.H., Schnur J.B., Kravits K. Hypnosis for cancer care: Over 200 years young. CA A Cancer J. Clin. 2013;63:31–44. doi: 10.3322/caac.21165. PubMed DOI PMC
Parker G., Brotchie H. Pancreatic Cancer and Depression: A Narrative Review. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 2017;205:487–490. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000593. PubMed DOI
Lee K.G., Roy V., Laszlo M., Atkins K.M., Lin K.J., Tomassian S., Hendifar A.E. Symptom Management in Pancreatic Cancer. Curr. Treat. Opt. Oncol. 2021;22:8. doi: 10.1007/s11864-020-00801-4. PubMed DOI
Dengsø K.E., Thomsen T., Andersen E.W., Hansen C.P., Christensen B.M., Hillingsø J., Dalton S.O. The psychological symptom burden in partners of pancreatic cancer patients: A population-based cohort study. Support. Care Cancer. 2021;29:6689–6699. doi: 10.1007/s00520-021-06251-4. PubMed DOI
Vira P., Samuel S.R., Amaravadi S.K., Saxena P.P., Pv S.R., Kurian J.R., Gururaj R. Role of Physiotherapy in Hospice Care of Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Systematic Review. Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Med. 2021;38:503–511. doi: 10.1177/1049909120951163. PubMed DOI
Yennurajalingam S., Frisbee-Hume S., Palmer J.L., Delgado-Guay M.O., Bull J., Phan A.T., Tannir N.M., Litton J.K., Reddy A., Hui D., et al. Reduction of Cancer-Related Fatigue with Dexamethasone: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Patients with Advanced Cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2013;31:3076–3082. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2012.44.4661. PubMed DOI
Iglesia D., Avci B., Kiriukova M., Panic N., Bozhychko M., Sandru V., de Madaria E., Capurso G. Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. United Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 2020;8:1115–1125. doi: 10.1177/2050640620938987. PubMed DOI PMC
Basile D., Corvaja C., Caccialanza R., Aprile G. Sarcopenia: Looking to muscle mass to better manage pancreatic cancer patients. Curr. Opin. Support. Palliat. Care. 2019;13:279–285. doi: 10.1097/SPC.0000000000000455. PubMed DOI
Carrato A., Cerezo L., Feliu J., Macarulla T., Martín-Pérez E., Vera R., Álvarez J., Botella-Carretero J.I. Clinical nutrition as part of the treatment pathway of pancreatic cancer patients: An expert consensus. Clin. Transl. Oncol. 2022;24:112–126. doi: 10.1007/s12094-021-02674-x. PubMed DOI PMC
Pezzilli R., Caccialanza R., Capurso G., Brunetti O., Milella M., Falconi M. Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers. 2020;12:275. doi: 10.3390/cancers12020275. PubMed DOI PMC
Löhr J.M., Dominguez-Munoz E., Rosendahl J., Besselink M., Mayerle J., Lerch M.M., Haas S., Akisik F., Kartalis N., Iglesias-Garcia J., et al. United European Gastroenterology evidence-based guidelines for the diagnosis and therapy of chronic pancreatitis (HaPanEU) United Eur. Gastroenterol. J. 2017;5:153–199. doi: 10.1177/2050640616684695. PubMed DOI PMC
Roeyen G., Berrevoet F., Borbath I., Geboes K., Peeters M., Topal B., Van Cutsem E., Van Laethem J.-L. Expert opinion on management of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in pancreatic cancer. ESMO Open. 2022;7:100386. doi: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100386. PubMed DOI PMC
Dominguez-Munoz J.E. Optimising the therapy of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency by the association of a proton pump inhibitor to enteric coated pancreatic extracts. Gut. 2006;55:1056–1057. doi: 10.1136/gut.2006.094912. PubMed DOI PMC
Ma X., Wang H., Zhang P., Xu L., Tian Z. Association between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and toll-like receptor 4 in patients with pancreatic carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. Turk. J. Gastroenterol. 2019;30:177–183. doi: 10.5152/tjg.2018.17512. PubMed DOI PMC
Bustillo I., Larson H., Saif M.W. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth: An underdiagnosed cause of diarrhea in patients with pancreatic cancer. JOP. 2009;10:576–578. PubMed
Bozzetti F., Cotogni P., Vullo S.L., Pironi L., Giardiello D., Mariani L. Development and validation of a nomogram to predict survival in incurable cachectic cancer patients on home parenteral nutrition. Ann. Oncol. 2015;26:2335–2340. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdv365. PubMed DOI
Orth M., Metzger P., Gerum S., Mayerle J., Schneider G., Belka C., Schnurr M., Lauber K. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Biological hallmarks, current status, and future perspectives of combined modality treatment approaches. Radiat. Oncol. 2019;14:141. doi: 10.1186/s13014-019-1345-6. PubMed DOI PMC
Deeb A., Haque S.-U., Olowokure O. Pulmonary metastases in pancreatic cancer, is there a survival influence? J. Gastrointest. Oncol. 2015;6:E48–E51. PubMed PMC
Liu Z., Gou A., Wu X. Liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer: The new choice at the crossroads. HepatoBiliary Surg. Nutr. 2023;12:88–91. doi: 10.21037/hbsn-22-489. PubMed DOI PMC
Tas F., Sen F., Keskin S., Kilic L., Yildiz I. Prognostic factors in metastatic pancreatic cancer: Older patients are associated with reduced overall survival. Mol. Clin. Oncol. 2013;1:788–792. doi: 10.3892/mco.2013.131. PubMed DOI PMC
Liu K.-H., Hung C.-Y., Hsueh S.-W., Chang P.-H., Chen Y.-Y., Lu C.-H., Yeh K.-Y., Huang P.-W., Tsang N.-M., Chou W.-C. Lung Metastases in Patients with Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Survival Impact. J. Clin. Med. 2019;8:1402. doi: 10.3390/jcm8091402. PubMed DOI PMC
Riedl J.M., Posch F., Horvath L., Gantschnigg A., Renneberg F., Schwarzenbacher E., Moik F., Barth D.A., Rossmann C.H., Stotz M., et al. Gemcitabine/nab-Paclitaxel versus FOLFIRINOX for palliative first-line treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer: A propensity score analysis. Eur. J. Cancer. 2021;151:3–13. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.03.040. PubMed DOI
Brasiūnas V., Brasiūniene B., Juozaityte E., Barauskas G. Evaluation of clinical factors and treatment results in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Medicina. 2004;40:1074–1080. PubMed
Abbassi R., Algül H. Palliative chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer-treatment sequences. Transl. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2019;4:56. doi: 10.21037/tgh.2019.06.09. PubMed DOI PMC
Salazar J., Bracchiglione J., Savall-Esteve O., Antequera A., Bottaro-Parra D., Gutiérrez-Valencia M., Martínez-Peralta S., Pericay C., Tibau A., Bonfill X., et al. Treatment with anticancer drugs for advanced pancreatic cancer: A systematic review. BMC Cancer. 2023;23:748. doi: 10.1186/s12885-023-11207-4. PubMed DOI PMC
Lee J.E., Lee H.S., Chung M.J., Park J.Y., Park S.W., Song S.Y., Bang S. Analysis of Clinical Predictive Factors Affecting the Outcome of Second-Line Chemotherapy for Gemcitabine-Refractory Advanced Pancreatic Cancer. Gut Liver. 2020;14:135–143. doi: 10.5009/gnl18419. PubMed DOI PMC
Ouyang H., Wang P., Meng Z., Chen Z., Yu E., Jin H., Chang D.Z., Liao Z., Cohen L., Liu L. Multimodality Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer with Liver Metastases Using Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, and/or Chinese Herbal Medicine. Pancreas. 2011;40:120–125. doi: 10.1097/MPA.0b013e3181e6e398. PubMed DOI PMC
Avula L.R., Hagerty B., Alewine C. Molecular mediators of peritoneal metastasis in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2020;39:1223–1243. doi: 10.1007/s10555-020-09924-4. PubMed DOI PMC
Laval G., Marcelin-Benazech B., Guirimand F., Chauvenet L., Copel L., Durand A., Francois E., Gabolde M., Mariani P., Rebischung C., et al. Recommendations for Bowel Obstruction with Peritoneal Carcinomatosis. J. Pain Symptom Manag. 2014;48:75–91. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.08.022. PubMed DOI
Molassiotis A., Smith J.A., Mazzone P., Blackhall F., Irwin R.S., Adams T.M., Altman K.W., Barker A.F., Birring S.S., Bolser D.C., et al. Symptomatic Treatment of Cough among Adult Patients with Lung Cancer. Chest. 2017;151:861–874. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.12.028. PubMed DOI PMC
Hofmann H.-S., Scheule A.M., Markowiak T., Ried M. The treatment of malignant pleural effusion with permanent indwelling pleural catheters. Dtsch. Ärzteblatt Int. 2022;119:595–600. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0229. PubMed DOI PMC
Hui D., Bohlke K., Bao T., Campbell T.C., Coyne P.J., Currow D.C., Gupta A., Leiser A.L., Mori M., Nava S., et al. Management of Dyspnea in Advanced Cancer: ASCO Guideline. J. Clin. Oncol. 2021;39:1389–1411. doi: 10.1200/JCO.20.03465. PubMed DOI
Maeda T., Hayakawa T. Effectiveness of Corticosteroid Monotherapy for Dyspnea Relief in Patients with Terminal Cancer. J. Pain Palliat. Care Pharmacother. 2017;31:148–153. doi: 10.1080/15360288.2017.1301618. PubMed DOI
Kloke M., Cherny N. Treatment of dyspnoea in advanced cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann. Oncol. 2015;26:v169–v173. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdv306. PubMed DOI