A long-term exposure of bacteria to zinc oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles leads to major alterations in bacterial morphology and physiology. These included biochemical and physiological processes promoting the emergence of strains with multi-drug resistance and virulence traits. After the removal of zinc pressure, bacterial phenotype reversed back to the original state; however, certain changes at the genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic level remained. Why is this important? The extensive and intensive use of supplements in animal feed effects the intestinal microbiota of livestock and this may negatively impact the health of animals and people. Therefore, it is crucial to understand and monitor the impact of feed supplements on intestinal microorganisms in order to adequately assess and prevent potential health risks.

Central European Institute of Technology University of Veterinary Sciences Brno Brno Czechia

Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology University of Veterinary Sciences Brno Brno Czechia

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno Brno Czechia

Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Institute of Laboratory Medicine The University Hospital Brno Brno Czechia

Department of Molecular Biology and Radiobiology Faculty of AgriSciences Mendel University in Brno Brno Czechia

Faculty of Horticulture Mendeleum Institute of Genetics Mendel University in Brno Brno Czechia

Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Biomedical Center Charles University Pilsen Czechia

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