Fungi are among the least known organisms on earth, with an estimated number of species between 1.5 and 10 million. This number is expected to be refined, especially with increasing knowledge about microfungi in undersampled habitats and increasing amounts of data derived from environmental DNA sequencing. A significant proportion of newly generated sequences fail to match with already named species, and thus represent what has been referred to as fungal "dark taxa". Due to the challenges associated with observing, identifying, and preserving sporophores, many macro- and microfungal species are only known from a single collection, specimen, isolate, and/or sequence-a singleton. Mycologists are consequently used to working with "rare" sequences and specimens. However, rarity and singleton phenomena lack consideration and valorization in fungal studies. In particular, the practice of publishing new fungal species names based on a single specimen remains a cause of debate. Here, we provide some elements of reflection on this issue in the light of the specificities of the fungal kingdom and global change context. If multiple independent sources of data support the existence of a new taxon, we encourage mycologists to proceed with formal description, irrespective of the number of specimens at hand. Although the description of singleton-based species may not be considered best practice, it does represent responsible science in the light of closing the Linnean biodiversity shortfall.

Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences Institute of Entomology 370 05 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

Centre for Forest Research Université du Québec à Montréal Montreal QC H3C 3P8 Canada

Department of Biology Acadia University Wolfville NS B4P 2R6 Canada

Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309 USA

Ecology Research Group of Abitibi RCM Forest Research Institute Université du Québec en Abitibi Témiscamingue Amos QC J9T 2L8 Canada

Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia 370 05 Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic

Forest Research Institute Université du Québec en Abitibi Témiscamingue Rouyn Noranda QC J9X 5E4 Canada

Laboratoire Chrono Environnement UMR 6249 CNRS Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté 25000 Besançon France

Research Group Mycology Department of Biology Ghent University 9000 Ghent Belgium

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Fungal Planet description sheets: 1697-1780